EFEITO DO JEJUM PÓS-ECLOSÃO SOBRE PINTOS DE CORTE PROVENIENTES DE OVOS LEVES E PESADOS

Este estudo analisou o efeito do jejum pós-eclosão sobre o peso corporal e pesos do fígado, coração e saco de vitelo de pintos provenientes de ovos leves de matrizes jovens (29 semanas) e de ovos pesados de matrizes velhas (60 semanas). Foi analisado o efeito de três regimes alimentares (alimentação com água e ração, jejum de água e ração e jejum de ração), da duração do jejum (24, 48 e 72 horas), e de dois pesos de ovos (leves ou pesados), e as suas interações. O jejum afetou os pesos corporal e  dos órgãos. Pintos de ovos pesados perderam mais peso e absorveram mais o saco de vitelo que os pintos de ovos leves. O efeito do jejum  sobre  os pesos corporal e do  fígado ocorreu com 24 horas,  e sobre o peso do coração  com 72 horas. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Idade da matriz, jejum, órgãos, peso corporal.

Effect of crude protein levels and organic selenium supplementation in the diets fed during the breeding season on reproductive parameters of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens)

There is little information on the nutrition of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) reared in captivity, and their nutritional requirements still need to be determined. This study aimed at determining dietary crude protein requirements and testing four organic selenium supplementation levels in the diet of red-winged tinamous during the breeding season. Birds were housed in a conventional broiler house divided in 16 boxes with one male and three females each. Iso-energy (2800kcal ME/kg) pelleted feeds, based on corn and soybean meal, were supplied in tube feeders. In the first experiment, treatments consisted of four different diets containing different crude protein (CP) contents (15, 18, 21, or 24%) and in the second experiment, the four diets contained equal protein level (22.5%) and four different organic selenium levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8ppm). Data were analyzed by the least square method. The best egg weight and eggshell thickness were obtained with 22.5% dietary CP. Organic selenium did not influence the studied reproductive traits of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) males or female

Effects of Incubation Temperature and Relative Humidity on Embryonic Development in Eggs of Red-Winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens).

This study was conducted to assess the effects of incubation temperature (34 C, 36[degree]C and 38[degree]C) and relative humidity (RH, 50% and 60%) on egg weight loss, embryo mortality, hatchability, incubation time and chick weight in eggs from red-winged tinamou. The eggs were placed in incubators that were operated at 34[degree]C, 36[degree]C, or 38[degree]C and 50% or 60% RH (mean wet bulb temperatures of 28[degree]C and 30[degree]C, respectively) from day 1 to hatching. Each treatment had two replicate groups of 30 eggs each. Hatchability varied with incubation temperature and RH and was highest for eggs incubated at 36[degree]C and 60% RH and lowest for eggs incubated at 38[degree]C. Early, intermediate and late embryo mortality were highest at 38[degree]C, 38[degree]C/50% RH, and 50% RH, respectively. Incubation period was longest at 34[degree]C and shortest at 38[degree]C/50% RH. Present results show the highest hatchability of red-winged tinamou eggs after incubation at 36[degree]C and 60% RH; highest embryo sensitivity to high temperature in the early period of incubation (1 to 7 days), to high temperature and low RH in the second period of incubation (8-14 days) and to low RH in the late period of incubation (after 15 days) and shortest incubation period with increasing temperature and RH

Mapping of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart larvae

Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons were identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart, 1835 wandering stage larvae. The PAP immunocytochemical method was applied to the entire CNS (whole mounts). About 90 neurons were visualized in the CNS (20 in the brain and 70 in the ventral ganglion). Both somata and axons were strongly stained. These neurons showed a segmental arrangement and bilateral symmetry. All processes presented a basic projection pattern, in which the major fibres travel contralaterally. Comparison of these neurons with serotonergic neurons described in other insects suggests order-specific traits such as cerebral clusters and presence of only one 5-HT immunoreactive neuron in the 8th abdominal neuromere as well

EFFECTS OS THE POST-HATCH FASTING ON BROILER CHICKS FROM LIGHT AND HEAVY EGGS EFEITO DO JEJUM PÓS-ECLOSÃO SOBRE PINTOS DE CORTE PROVENIENTES DE OVOS LEVES E PESADOS

<div>This study analyzed the effects of the post-hatch fasting on the body weight and heart, liver and yolk sac weights in chicks from light and heavy eggs produced by young (29 w. old) and old (60 w. old) breeders. The analysis allowed testing for the effects of fasting (food ad libitum, fasting of food and fasting of water and food), egg weight (light and heavy), fasting time (24, 48 and 72 hours) and their interactions. Fasting affected the body weight and organ weights. Chicks from heavier eggs lost more weight and presented quicker absorption of yolk sac than the chicks from light eggs. The negative effects of the post-hatch fasting did not begin simultaneously in the analyzed parameters. The body weights and  liver weights were influenced at 24 h, while the heart weights were affected at 72 h.</div><div><br /></div><div>KEY WORDS: Body weight, breeder age,  fasting, organs.</div><div><br /></div> <div>Este estudo analisou o efeito do jejum pós-eclosão sobre o peso corporal e pesos do fígado, coração e saco de vitelo de pintos provenientes de ovos leves de matrizes jovens (29 semanas) e de ovos pesados de matrizes velhas (60 semanas). Foi analisado o efeito de três regimes alimentares (alimentação com água e ração, jejum de água e ração e jejum de ração), da duração do jejum (24, 48 e 72 horas), e de dois pesos de ovos (leves ou pesados), e as suas interações. O jejum afetou os pesos corporal e  dos órgãos. Pintos de ovos pesados perderam mais peso e absorveram mais o saco de vitelo que os pintos de ovos leves. O efeito do jejum  sobre  os pesos corporal e do  fígado ocorreu com 24 horas,  e sobre o peso do coração  com 72 horas.</div><div><br /></div><div>PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Idade da matriz, jejum, órgãos, peso corporal. </div&gt

INFLUENCE OF SEX AND EGG WEIGHT ON VILLUS AND CRYPT SIZE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN BROILER EMBRYOS AND CHICKS INFLUÊNCIA DO SEXO E PESO DOS OVOS SOBRE A ALTURA DOS VILOS E PROFUNDIDADE DAS CRIPTAS DO INTESTINO DELGADO DE EMBRIÕES E PINTOS DE CORTE

<span><p align="justify">The influence of sex and egg weight on small intestine villi height and crypt depth was analyzed at 18 d of incubation, at hatching, and 7 days post-hatch. Amounts of duodenum. jejunum and ileum were removed and fixed in Bouin solution for 24 hours. After rinse in 5% ethanol, the amounts were dehydrated in a graded alcohol series up to absolute ethanol (70%, 80%, 90% and 100%), diafanized in absolute xylene and embedded in paraplast. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Dta were submitted to analysis of variance. And significant treatment means were separated by Tukey´s test (p<0.05). In all three analyzed ages, birds from heavy eggs presented the heaviest body weights. At 7 days of age, female chicks were heavier than males. In the jejunum, villi were higher in male embryos as compared to female embryos, whereas in the ileum, villi were higher in females as compared to males. In the three intestinal segments, crypts were deeper in males than in females. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum villi height and jejunum crypt depth were higher in embryos derived from heavy eggs. At hatching, duodenal crypts were deeper in male than in female chicks, while jejunum and ileum crypts were deeper in female chicks. Newly-hatched chicks from heavy eggs presented the highest villi. In the three intestinal segments, crypt was shallower in chicks hatched from light as compared to heavy eggs. At 7 days of age, jejunum villi were higher in male than in female chicks, whereas crypts were deeper in females in all intestinal segments. Chicks hatched from heavy eggs presented the highest jejunum and ileum villi, and the deepest ileum depth. The results of this study show that body weight and the intestinal mucosa are influenced by sex and egg weight, and that females from heavy eggs were the heaviest chicks, and their jejunum and ileum mucosa presented the highest growth.</p><span><p align="justify">KEY WORDS: Broiler embryos, chicks, egg weight, sex, small intestine.</p></span></span> <span><p align="justify">Analisou-se a influência do sexo e peso dos ovos (leve, intermediário e pesado) sobre altura dos vilos e profundidade das criptas do intestino delgado no 18º dia de incubação, eclosão e 7º dia de idade. Amostras do duodeno, do jejuno e do íleo foram fixadas em Bouin, desidratadas em série de concentração crescente de etanol, diafanizadas em xilol, infiltradas e incluídas em parafina. Cortes histológicos foram corados com HE. O delineamento experimental seguiu um fatorial 2x3 (sexo: machos e fêmeas, e peso dos ovos: leves, intermediários e pesados). Analisaram-se os dados pelo teste de variância e de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Nas três idades analisadas, o peso corporal mostrou-se maior (p<0,05) em aves de ovos pesados. No 7º dia de idade, o peso corporal foi maior (p<0.05) nas fêmeas do que nos machos. A altura dos vilos jejunais apresentou-se maior (p<0,05) nos embriões machos do que nas fêmeas, enquanto que a altura dos vilos ilíacos foi maior nas fêmeas do que nos machos. A profundidade das criptas no duodeno, jejuno e íleo foi maior (p<0,05) nos machos do que nas fêmeas. Embriões de ovos pesados tiveram a maior altura de vilos duodenais, jejunais e ilíacos, e a maior (p<0,05) profundidade de criptas jejunais. Na eclosão, a profundidade de criptas duodenais foi maior (p<0,05) nos machos, enquanto que a jejunal e a ilíaca foram maiores (p<0,05) nas fêmeas. Pintos de ovos pesados apresentaram a maior (p<0,05) altura de vilos duodenais. Nos três segmentos intestinais, a maior (p<0,05) profundidade de cripta foi apresentada por pintos de ovos leves. No 7º dia de idade, a altura dos vilos duodenais foi maior nos pintos machos, enquanto que a profundidade das criptas duodenais, jejunais e ilíacas mostrou-se maior nas fêmeas. A altura dos vilos jejunais e ilíacos foi maior em pintos de ovos pesados. Os dados mostram que o peso corporal e a mucosa intestinal dos embriões e pintos de corte são influenciados pelo sexo e peso dos ovos, e que pintos fêmeas de ovos pesados apresentam maior crescimento corporal e desenvolvimento da mucosa jejunal e ilíaca.</p><span><p align="justify">PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Embriões de frangos, intestino delgado, peso do ovo, pintos de corte, sexo.</p></span></span&gt

Relationship between incubation temperature and egg size with heart hypoplasy in broiler chicks at hatching

It was analyzed if the effects of continuous incubation temperature deviations during the second half on the development of body, organs and hematological respiratory and energetic parameters differ between male and female from 30- and 60-week-old breeder eggs. From day 13, Cobb eggs were exposed to 36°C, 37.5°C, or 39°C. At 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after this change in the temperature and at hatch, red cells count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, plasma glucose level and body, liver and heart weights were evaluated. Independent of incubation temperature, sexes and breeder ages, mean corpuscular volume decreased and the other variables increased during late incubation. In 30-week-old breeder eggs, body weights and erythrocytic parameters were not influenced by temperature but liver and heart weights decreased increasing incubation temperature and glucose level increased at 36 and 39°C. In 60-week-old breeder eggs, males were heavier at hatching with incubation at 36°C and females had smaller body weights with incubation at 39°C. In both sexes, liver weight decreased and glucose concentration was higher at 36 and 39°C and heart weights and erythrocytes parameters were not influenced by temperature. Independent of breeder age, hatchability was lower at 39°C. The data show that high temperature from day 13 of incubation reduced more intensively the hatching success and caused cardiac hypoplasia in chicks from 30-week-old breeder eggs only, revealing for the first time that the susceptibility for ascites syndrome, by reduced heart development at hatching, is associated to a relationship between incubation temperature and egg size. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012

Cell death in ovarioles causes permanent sterility in Frieseomelitta varia worker bees

Frieseomelitta varia worker bees do not lay eggs even when living in queenless colonies, a condition that favors ovary development and oviposition in the majority of highly social bees. The permanent sterility of these worker bees was initially attributed to a failure in ovary morphogenesis and differentiation. Using transmission electron microscopy we found that at the beginning of the pupal phase the ovaries of F. varia workers are formed by four ovarioles, each of them composed of 1) a terminal filament at the apex of the ovarioles, containing juxtaposed and irregularly shaped cells, 2) a germarium with clusters of cystocytes and prefollicular cells showing long cytoplasmic projections that envelop the cystocyte clusters, 3) fusiform interfollicular and basal stalk precursor cells, and 4) globular, irregularly contoured basal cells with large nuclei. However, during the pupal phase an accentuated and progressive process of cell death takes place in the ovarioles. The dying cells are characterized by large membrane bodies, electron-dense apoptotic bodies, vacuoles, vesiculation, secondary lysosomes, enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, swollen mitochondria, pycnotic nuclei, masses of chromatin adjacent to the convoluted nuclear envelope, and nucleoli showing signs of fragmentation. Cell death continues in ovarioles even after the emergence of the workers. Once they become nurse bees, the ovaries have become transformed into a cell mass in which structurally organized ovarioles can no longer be identified. In F. varia workers, ovariole cell death most certainly is part of the program of caste differentiation