Metabolizability of Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles in Finishing Cattle Diets

The feeding value of dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) is a combination of its contributions to protein nutrition as well as caloric intake of cattle. When DDGS is included in diets at levels where dietary CP has been met, the feeding value would primarily be a function of caloric density. A replicated 4 x 4 metabolism study was conducted to measure the caloric value of DDGS at high inclusion levels. Diets were formulated to contain 0, 12, 24, or 36% DDGS. These finishing diets were fed to yearling steers during a 21 d adaptation prior to total fecal and urine outputs collection for 5 d. Increasing dietary DDGS caused increased (P \u3c 0.01) energy density of diets. Organic matter digestibility was not affected (P \u3e 0.15), but NDF digestibility improved (P \u3c 0.01). Apparent N digestibility increased (P \u3c 0.01) with no additional N retention (P \u3e 0.15). Apparent DE increased (P \u3c 0.01) with each incremental increase in DDGS, but metabolizable energy (ME) plateaued at 12% DDGS. The relationship of urine energy: urine N was altered (P \u3c 0.01) by increasing dietary DDGS level. Once dietary CP requirements were met, DDGS had a ME value similar to the corn and SBM mixture it replaced

Magnetoluminescence

Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Blazars, Gamma Ray Bursts and Magnetars all contain regions where the electromagnetic energy density greatly exceeds the plasma energy density. These sources exhibit dramatic flaring activity where the electromagnetic energy distributed over large volumes, appears to be converted efficiently into high energy particles and gamma-rays. We call this general process magnetoluminescence. Global requirements on the underlying, extreme particle acceleration processes are described and the likely importance of relativistic beaming in enhancing the observed radiation from a flare is emphasized. Recent research on fluid descriptions of unstable electromagnetic configurations are summarized and progress on the associated kinetic simulations that are needed to account for the acceleration and radiation is discussed. Future observational, simulation and experimental opportunities are briefly summarized.Comment: To appear in "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release" of the Space Science Reviews serie

Pulsar-wind nebulae and magnetar outflows: observations at radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths

We review observations of several classes of neutron-star-powered outflows: pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe) inside shell supernova remnants (SNRs), PWNe interacting directly with interstellar medium (ISM), and magnetar-powered outflows. We describe radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations of PWNe, focusing first on integrated spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) and global spectral properties. High-resolution X-ray imaging of PWNe shows a bewildering array of morphologies, with jets, trails, and other structures. Several of the 23 so far identified magnetars show evidence for continuous or sporadic emission of material, sometimes associated with giant flares, and a few possible "magnetar-wind nebulae" have been recently identified.Comment: 61 pages, 44 figures (reduced in quality for size reasons). Published in Space Science Reviews, "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release