Anthocyanin And Other Phenolic Compounds In Ceylon Gooseberry (dovyalis Hebecarpa) Fruits

Ceylon gooseberry is a deep-purple exotic berry that is being produced in Brazil with great market potential. This work aimed to determine major phenolic compounds in this specie by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS. Samples were collected in two different seasons. Pulp and skin were analyzed separately. Non-acylated rutinoside derivatives of delphinidin (∼60-63%) and cyanidin (∼17-21%) were major anthocyanins tentatively identified. All anthocyanins had higher concentration in skin than in pulp (64-82 and 646-534 mg of cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g skin and pulp, respectively). Moreover, anthocyanin profile changed between sampling dates (p < 0.05). Mainly for delphinidin-3-rutinoside which could be a result of season variation. In this specie, non-anthocyanin polyphenols represent less than 35% of total extracted polyphenols. The tentative identification proposed a flavonol and three ellagitannins as major compounds of the non-anthocyanin phenolics fraction. Finally, anthocyanin is the major phenolic class in this fruit and its composition and content are significantly affected by season.176234243Aaby, K., Mazur, S., Nes, A., Skrede, G., Phenolic compounds in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) fruits: Composition in 27 cultivars and changes during ripening (2012) Food Chemistry, 132 (1), pp. 86-97. , 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.037Agawa, S., Sakakibara, H., Iwata, R., Shimoi, K., Hergesheimer, A., Kumazawa, S., Anthocyanins in mesocarp/epicarp and endocarp of fresh açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and their antioxidant activities and bioavailability (2011) Food Science and Technology Research, 17 (4), pp. 327-334Ayaz, F.A., Hayirlioglu-Ayaz, S., Gruz, J., Novak, O., Strnad, M., Separation, characterization, and quantitation of phenolic acids in a little-known blueberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) fruit by HPLC-MS (2005) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (21), pp. 8116-8122. , 10.1021/jf058057yBao, L.M., Eerdunbayaer, N.A., Takahashi, E., Okamoto, K., Ito, H., Hatano, T., Hydrolysable tannins isolated from syzygium aromaticum: Structure of a new C-glucosidic ellagitannin and spectral features of tannins with a tergalloyl group (2012) Heterocycles, 85 (2), p. 365. , 10.3987/COM-11-12392Bochi, V.C., (2013) Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity of Ceylon Gooseberry (Dovyalis Hebecarpa) in Different Ripening Stages, , Doctorate thesis, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de CampinasBochi, V.C., Barcia, M.T., Rodrigues, D., Speroni, C.S., Giusti, M.M., Godoy, H.T., Polyphenol extraction optimisation from Ceylon gooseberry (Dovyalis hebecarpa) pulp (2014) Food Chemistry, 164 (2014), pp. 347-354. , 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.031Borges, G., Degeneve, A., Mullen, W., Crozier, A., Identification of flavonoid and phenolic antioxidants in black currants, blueberries, raspberries, red currants, and cranberries (2010) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (7), pp. 3901-3909. , 10.1021/jf902263nCao, J., Jiang, Q., Lin, J., Li, X., Sun, C., Chen, K., Physicochemical characterisation of four cherry species (Prunus spp.) grown in China (2015) Food Chemistry, 173, pp. 855-863. , 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.094Cerezo, A.B., Cuevas, E., Winterhalter, P., Garcia-Parrilla, M.C., Troncoso, A.M., Isolation, identification, and antioxidant activity of anthocyanin compounds in Camarosa strawberry (2010) Food Chemistry, 123 (3), pp. 574-582. , 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.073Dai, J., Mumper, R.J., Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties (2010) Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 15 (10), pp. 7313-7352. , 10.3390/molecules15107313De Rosso, V.V., Mercadante, A.Z., HPLC-PDA-MS/MS of anthocyanins and carotenoids from dovyalis and tamarillo fruits (2007) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (22), pp. 9135-9141. , 10.1021/jf071316uDel Rio, D., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Spencer, J.P.E., Tognolini, M., Borges, G., Crozier, A., Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: Structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases (2013) Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 18 (14), pp. 1818-1892. , 10.1089/ars.2012.4581Fredericks, C.H., Fanning, K.J., Gidley, M.J., Netzel, G., Zabaras, D., Herrington, M., High-anthocyanin strawberries through cultivar selection (2013) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93 (4), pp. 846-852. , 10.1002/jsfa.5806Frøytlog, C., Slimestad, R., Combination of chromatographic techniques for the preparative isolation of anthocyanins - Applied on blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) fruits (1998) Journal of Chromatography A, 825 (1), pp. 89-95. , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967398006736, Retrieved fromGiusti, M.M., Jing, P., 6.3. 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Polyphenol Extraction Optimisation From Ceylon Gooseberry (dovyalis Hebecarpa) Pulp

Originally from Asia, Dovyalis hebecarpa is a dark purple/red exotic berry now also produced in Brazil. However, no reports were found in the literature about phenolic extraction or characterisation of this berry. In this study we evaluate the extraction optimisation of anthocyanins and total phenolics in D. hebecarpa berries aiming at the development of a simple and mild analytical technique. Multivariate analysis was used to optimise the extraction variables (ethanol:water:acetone solvent proportions, times, and acid concentrations) at different levels. Acetone/water (20/80 v/v) gave the highest anthocyanin extraction yield, but pure water and different proportions of acetone/water or acetone/ethanol/water (with >50% of water) were also effective. Neither acid concentration nor time had a significant effect on extraction efficiency allowing to fix the recommended parameters at the lowest values tested (0.35% formic acid v/v, and 17.6 min). Under optimised conditions, extraction efficiencies were increased by 31.5% and 11% for anthocyanin and total phenolics, respectively as compared to traditional methods that use more solvent and time. Thus, the optimised methodology increased yields being less hazardous and time consuming than traditional methods. Finally, freeze-dried D. hebecarpa showed high content of target phytochemicals (319 mg/100 g and 1421 mg/100 g of total anthocyanin and total phenolic content, respectively). © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. 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Bioaccessibility and catabolism of phenolic compounds from jaboticaba (Myrciaria trunciflora) fruit peel during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation

Jaboticaba peel powder (JPP) digestion was investigated for the first time using an in vitro static model of gastrointestinal digestion associated with a colonic fermentation assay with human feces to elucidate the catabolism and bioaccessibility of fruit polyphenols. Anthocyanins had low bioaccessibility (0.08–2.3%). Most hydrolyzable tannins (1.2–166.0%) and flavonols (0–36.8%) had greater bioaccessibility than anthocyanins. Despite their low bioaccessibility (0.08–2.3%), anthocyanins were the most abundant polyphenols in JPP and in the bioaccessible intestinal fraction followed by hydrolyzable tannins. There was fast degradation of anthocyanins and progressive catabolism of hydrolyzable tannins during the colonic fermentation assay. Urolithins and protocatechuic acid were the major catabolites found; their increase was parallel to the decrease of pathogenic bacteria counts and increase of short-chain fatty acids and gas production. JPP digestion yields bioactive polyphenol catabolites that may act as antioxidants and, with JPP dietary fiber, improve gut microbiota metabolism65CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP303654/2017-1; 403328/2016-0; 301108/2016-1; 458664/2014-6sem informação2015/50333-1; 2018/11069-

Oxidative stability of refrigerated fish pates containing loquat seed extract

This study investigated the effects of hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extracts (EJSE) as inhibitors of lipid and protein oxidation on fish pates subjected to refrigerated storage. Five fish pate formulations were developed. These formulations included two control pates (water-control and ascorbic acid-control) and three pates with added EJSE (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4g of seed 100g-1 product, equivalent to 3.4, 6.8 or 13.6mg phenolic compounds kg-1 product), which were then stored under refrigeration for 35 days. Conjugated dienes (CD) and peroxide (PV) values increased along with the storage time; however, these values decreased and were similar among all samples at the end of 35 days of analysis (P<0.05). However, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels (TBARS) did not change along the storage and were not affected by the EJSE. Additionally, there was a linear increase in the protein carbonyl content of fish pates over the storage period (P<0.05), but no effect of EJSE on protein oxidation. The results show that, at the concentrations evaluated, hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extract was unable to inhibit or reduce lipid and protein oxidation in fish pates, but the observed phenolic content emphasizes the need for further studies on the wastes of this fruit