Potential of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) fresh root-bark extract as an organic piscicide in aquaculture pond management

This study examined the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera fresh root-bark extract as an organic piscicide to control predatory fish in ponds. Acute-lethal toxicity (LC50) of Moringa oleifera extract for 96-h exposure for Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings was determined at 26.45 mg l-1. The extract was more toxic on at higher concentrations of 100 mg l-1, with fingerlings showing abnormal swimming, restlessness and uncoordinated behaviour before death. Moringa oleifera extract could be used as an organic piscicide in aquaculture pond management. Baseline information on its toxicity to fish could serve as a tool in fisheries management to wipe out predatory fish in ponds prior to stocking.Keywords: Toxicity, Oreochromis niloticus, Fisheries management, LC5

Preliminary Toxicological Screening of Ichthyotoxic Compound of Moringa oleifera (LAM.) Hot Ethanolic Extract to Freshwater Fish, Oreochromis Niloticus (L.) Fingerlings.

Moringa oleifera is an indigenous tree growing in Southwestern Nigeria for food and medicinal property. Therefore this study evaluates the preliminary toxicological screening of ichthyotoxic compounds in Moringa oleifera to freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The morphological parts such as leaf, seed, stem-bark, pod (fruit), root-wood and root-bark were subjected to standard phytochemical screening method of plant metabolites. Screening done was just only to identify their presences and not quantify as limited to the current research. The Fresh Root-bark Hot Ethanolic Extract (FRBHEE) was toxicologically tested on fish fingerlings for 96hours.Acute toxicity concentrations obtained were 0, 10,17,31,56,100 where 0mgl-1 served as control. The Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings obtained 50 was 43.09 mgl-1 with 95% upper and lower limit confidence interval between 74.78-28.65 mgl-1 respectively. High mortality was obtained at 100mgl-1 of FRBHEE where fish behavioural changes such as rolling upward, backward swimming, sudden mucus secretion, haemorrhages, stiff fin rays and erratic collision on wall of the tank attested to ichthyotoxic property of FRBHEE. Therefore, ichthyotoxic compounds found in M.oleifera could further be quantified to know the exact grammes it's contained. FRBHEE could serve as organic piscicides in aquaculture pond management to wipe out predators prior to stocking of fish pond with desirable fish species.Keywords: Moringa oleifera, ichthyotoxicity, fish, phytochemical, LC5

Evaluation of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Juvenile Oreochromis niloticus after Exposure to Water Soluble Fractions of Crude Oil

The influence of water soluble fraction of crude oil from Afiesere oil field on water qualitycomponents and its consequent effect on haematological and biochemical parameters in juveniles of Oreochromis niloticus were evaluated. After a preliminary determination of the 96 h-LC50 of crude oil by probit regression was found to be 92.38 mg/l, fish were exposed to 4 sub-lethal concentrations (30, 45, 60 and 75% of the LC50 corresponding to 28, 41, 55 and 69 mg/l respectively) of the oil and a control. After 84 days of exposure, blood was collected and used in conducting haematological and biochemical analyses. Exposure of water to crude oil caused increased levels in chloride, conductivity, salinity, magnesium, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and Nitrate. The crude oil contaminated water resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the values of red blood cells, packed cell volume and haemoglobin. Although no definite trend in the values of computed haematological indices was observed, MCHC, however, decreased with increased concentration. Also, Glucose, ALP, ALT, AST, Urea and creatinine activities of all the affected set of fish, which have been exposed to the crude oil were significantly higher (p<0.05) in comparison to their respective control. Keywords: Crude oil, Afiesere oil field, blood, toxicity, water quality, Oreochromis niloticu

Acute-lethal toxicity (LC50) effect of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) Fresh Root Bark Extract on Oreochromis niloticus Juveniles Under Renewal Toxicity Exposure

Acute-lethal toxicity is a tool used in piscicide bio-safety assessment in fish farming prior to its proper application in sustainable aquaculture. Piscicides of plant origin are usually considered for bio-safety assessment because of their effects on non-target aquatic species in fish pond. Acute-lethal toxicity is an indication of baseline data assessment before any piscicide of plant origin could be used in sustainable aquaculture. This study assessed the acute-lethal toxicity (LC50) effect of Moringa oleifera fresh root-bark extract on fresh water fish, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles for 96-h under renewal toxicity exposure. Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for O. niloticus juvenile was 97.61 mgl-1 and high mortality was obtained at 200 mgl-1 where fish showed abnormal behaviour such as erratic swimming, mucus secretion, loss of scales, haemorrhages, and stiff fin rays prior to death. Fresh root-bark extract of M. oleifera could serve as pond management tool in aquaculture to assess bio-safety level of targeted and non-targeted aquatic organisms in pond.Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Acute Toxicity, Freshwater fish, Piscicide

Genetic differentiation and inheritance of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in pectoral spine phenotypic sub-groups of Clarias gariepinus

Information on genetic relationship of phenotypically divergent sub-groups would be useful for better identification, utilization and management of species. Recent study revealed phenotypic divergence in a reservoir population of Clarias gariepinus. Genetic variability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the phenotypic divergent sub-groups was investigated in this study. Polymorphism and genetic variability were investigated in electrophoresed random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR products of blood samples of twenty (20) C. gariepinus individuals. The population comprised of five (5) individuals of the non-peses phenotypic sub-group- individuals that did not possess anteriorly serrated pectoral spines denoted by S and fifteen (15) individuals of peses sub-groups that possessed anteriorly serrated pectoral spines denoted as C. Standard protocols were followed in analyzing six screened RAPD primers per individuals DNA fragment. Produced bands of pheno-grams were scored and analyzed to establish polymorphism as well as within and between sub-populations allelic variability using unweighted paired group method of algorithms (UPGMA) and dendrograms cluster analysis. Genotype data of individuals in the groups were tested for canonically significant discriminant grouping using discriminant function analysis (DFA). Results reveal that the primers were polymorphic: 746 bands were obtained from 63 detected loci which gave 80.95% polymorphism. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged between 0.18 and 0.49. Percentage polymorphic band were 78.00 and 69.84% for peses and non peses sub-groups, respectively. Dendrogram separated the population to two groups. All peses individuals were in one cluster while all the non-peses individuals were on the second cluster. Within group variations were also observed: DFA revealed that 100% of original phenotypically grouped cases were correctly classified. It was concluded that RAPD primers are suitable genetic markers for establishing variability in C. gariepinus sub-populations; the pectoral spine phenotypic groups are genetic variants and are potential varieties for the species. The results would have wide application in identification, utilization and management of genetic resources of C. gariepinus.Keywords: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker, morphologic and genetic variability, Clarias gariepinus.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(37), pp. 5567-557

Potential of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) fresh root-bark extract as an organic piscicide in aquaculture pond management

This study examined the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera fresh root-bark extract as an organic piscicide to control predatory fish in ponds. Acute-lethal toxicity (LC50) of Moringa oleifera extract for 96-h exposure for Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings was determined at 26.45 mg l-1. The extract was more toxic on at higher concentrations of 100 mg l-1, with fingerlings showing abnormal swimming, restlessness and uncoordinated behaviour before death. Moringa oleifera extract could be used as an organic piscicide in aquaculture pond management. Baseline information on its toxicity to fish could serve as a tool in fisheries management to wipe out predatory fish in ponds prior to stocking

EFFECTS OF SOME ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON FISH SPECIES DIVERSITY IN ELEIYELE LAKE, IBADAN, NIGERIA

Various anthropogenic activities in and around Lake Eleiyele, Ibadan, Nigeria were identified through direct observations, interviews and questionnaires administration. The direct and indirect impacts as well as their possible impacts on fish species diversity were assessed by comparing the present catch abundance and composition with the past data. The major anthropogenic activities observed on the lake include felling of trees on the lake's watershed, effluents discharge from cottage industries around the lake and domestic waste released into the lake. The total species biomass showed a decline when compared with the past while species composition still maintained it richness. The number of species recorded on the field did not vary significantly from the past record. However freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium spp) was not sighted during the study. Analysis of water sample from the lake showed a high value for Cyanide (0.26mg/l) and Ammonia (13.85mg/l) above the regulated limit. Key Words: Anthropogenic activities, fish diversity, Lake Eleiyele. African Journal of Livestock Extension Vol.3 2004: 13-1

Bioaccumulation of copper, lead and zinc in the organs and tissue of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) in Eleyele Lake, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Bioaccumulation of copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in the intestine, gill and muscle of Clarias gariepinus in Eleyele Lake, Ibadan, Nigeria was investigated between February and July 2002. Samples of C. gariepinus were taken monthly from the fishermen's catches. These samples were analysed for Cu, Pb and Zn. Water samples were also collected twice during both dry season (February – April) and wet season (May – July) for heavy metal analysis. Results obtained showed that the rate of accumulation of these heavy metals varied among the tissue and organs examined. The prime site for Zn and Cu absorption in C. gariepinus is the intestine with mean levels of 84.58 + 23.21mg/kg and 12.09 + 3.31mg/kg recorded respectively. Pb was only detectable in the gill of C. gariepinus with mean Pb concentration of 8.67 + 9.63mg/kg. In all the samples examined, the muscle recorded the lowest level of heavy metals. Seasonal variation of these heavy metals (mg/kg) in C. gariepinus shows that wet season has the highest value of 4.11+ 8.19mg/kg for lead, 6.37 + 4.36mg/kg (copper) and 57.46 + 34.09mg/kg (Zinc) compared to 1.67 + 5.0mg/kg (Lead), 6.01 + 5.82mg/kg (copper) and 65.07 + 32.42 (Zinc) for dry season. These values however showed no significant difference. Key Words: Bioaccumulation, organs and tissue, Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Extension Vol.4 2003: 74-7

Studies on acute toxicity of piscicidal plant extracts (Tetrapleura Tetraptera)on tilapia (Sarotherodon Galilaeus) fingerlings

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Comparison of oral iron and injectable iron in the prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in piglets

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