53 research outputs found
The legal framework for financial advertising:curbing behavioural exploitation
Policy makers and behavioural finance scholars express growing concern that marketing practices by financial institutions exploit retail investors’ behavioural biases. Investor protection regulation should thus address these marketing practices and include mechanisms curbing behavioural exploitation. That raises the question whether the marketing communications regime of the new Markets in Financial Instruments Directive can live up to this demand. This article develops a regulatory model that integrates behavioural finance insights into the new marketing communications regime. It then determines how regulatory authorities can apply this model when they interpret and apply specific regulatory requirements. It demonstrates how a regulatory authority or a court can translate empirical behavioural finance research findings into legal arguments when assessing whether marketing practices can significantly distort a model investor’s decision-making process. The article further establishes that the detailed requirements imposed on investment firms by the new Markets in Financial Instruments Directive are necessary in order to protect investors from behavioural exploitation. Finally, the article submits policy proposals that aim to protect investors more effectively from behavioural exploitation
Advanced paternal age effects in neurodevelopmental disorders?review of potential underlying mechanisms
Multiple epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between advanced paternal age (APA) at conception and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring, particularly with regard to increased risk for autism and schizophrenia. Conclusive evidence about how age-related changes in paternal gametes, or age-independent behavioral traits affect neural development is still lacking. Recent evidence suggests that the origins of APA effects are likely to be multidimensional, involving both inherited predisposition and de novo events. Here we provide a review of the epidemiological and molecular findings to date. Focusing on the latter, we present the evidence for genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underpinning the association between late fatherhood and disorder in offspring. We also discuss the limitations of the APA literature. We propose that different hypotheses relating to the origins of the APA effects are not mutually exclusive. Instead, multiple mechanisms likely contribute, reflecting the etiological complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders
Identification, Replication, and Functional Fine-Mapping of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci in Primary Human Liver Tissue
The discovery of expression quantitative trait loci (“eQTLs”) can
help to unravel genetic contributions to complex traits. We identified genetic
determinants of human liver gene expression variation using two independent
collections of primary tissue profiled with Agilent
(n = 206) and Illumina (n = 60)
expression arrays and Illumina SNP genotyping (550K), and we also incorporated
data from a published study (n = 266). We found that
∼30% of SNP-expression correlations in one study failed to replicate
in either of the others, even at thresholds yielding high reproducibility in
simulations, and we quantified numerous factors affecting reproducibility. Our
data suggest that drug exposure, clinical descriptors, and unknown factors
associated with tissue ascertainment and analysis have substantial effects on
gene expression and that controlling for hidden confounding variables
significantly increases replication rate. Furthermore, we found that
reproducible eQTL SNPs were heavily enriched near gene starts and ends, and
subsequently resequenced the promoters and 3′UTRs for 14 genes and tested
the identified haplotypes using luciferase assays. For three genes, significant
haplotype-specific in vitro functional differences correlated
directly with expression levels, suggesting that many bona fide
eQTLs result from functional variants that can be mechanistically isolated in a
high-throughput fashion. Finally, given our study design, we were able to
discover and validate hundreds of liver eQTLs. Many of these relate directly to
complex traits for which liver-specific analyses are likely to be relevant, and
we identified dozens of potential connections with disease-associated loci.
These included previously characterized eQTL contributors to diabetes, drug
response, and lipid levels, and they suggest novel candidates such as a role for
NOD2 expression in leprosy risk and
C2orf43 in prostate cancer. In general, the work presented
here will be valuable for future efforts to precisely identify and functionally
characterize genetic contributions to a variety of complex traits
Structural insights into Notch receptor-ligand interactions
Pioneering cell aggregation experiments from the Artavanis-Tsakonas group in the late 1980's localized the core ligand recognition sequence in the Drosophila Notch receptor to epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domains 11 and 12. Since then, advances in protein expression, structure determination methods and functional assays have enabled us to define the molecular basis of the core receptor/ligand interaction and given new insights into the architecture of the Notch complex at the cell surface. We now know that Notch EGF11 and 12 interact with the Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 (DSL) and C2 domains of ligand and that membrane-binding, together with additional protein-protein interactions outside the core recognition domains, are likely to fine-tune generation of the Notch signal. Furthermore, structure determination of O-glycosylated variants of Notch alone or in complex with receptor fragments, has shown that these sugars contribute directly to the binding interface, as well as to stabilizing intra-molecular domain structure, providing some mechanistic insights into the observed modulatory effects of O-glycosylation on Notch activity.Future challenges lie in determining the complete extracellular architecture of ligand and receptor in order to understand (i) how Notch/ligand complexes may form at the cell surface in response to physiological cues, (ii) the role of lipid binding in stabilizing the Notch/ligand complex, (iii) the impact of O-glycosylation on binding and signalling and (iv) to dissect the different pathologies that arise as a consequence of mutations that affect proteins involved in the Notch pathway
GENERALIZED NON-LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS: FOUR CASES ILLUSTRATE A SPECTRUM OF DISEASE
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