775 research outputs found
How high the temperature of a liquid be raised without boiling?
How high the temperature of a liquid be raised beyond its boiling point
without vaporizing (known as the limit of superheat) is an interesting subject
of investigation. A new method of finding the limit of superheat of liquids is
presented here. The superheated liquids are taken in the form of drops
suspended in visco elastic gel. The nucleation is detected acoustically by a
sensitive piezo-electric transducer, coupled to a multi channel scaler and the
nucleation is observed as a funtion of time and with increase of temperature.
The limit of superheat measured by the present method supersedes all other
measurements and theoretical predictions in reaching closest to the critical
temperature and warrants improved theoretical predictions.Comment: 10 pages, 1 fig. Phys, Rev. E. (2000) in pres
The air pressure effect on the homogeneous nucleation of carbon dioxide by molecular simulation
Vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE) and the influence of an inert carrier gas on
homogeneous vapour to liquid nucleation are investigated by molecular
simulation for quaternary mixtures of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and
argon. Canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation using the
Yasuoka-Matsumoto method is applied to nucleation in supersaturated vapours
that contain more carbon dioxide than in the saturated state at the dew line.
Established molecular models are employed that are known to accurately
reproduce the VLE of the pure fluids as well as their binary and ternary
mixtures. On the basis of these models, also the quaternary VLE properties of
the bulk fluid are determined with the Grand Equilibrium method.
Simulation results for the carrier gas influence on the nucleation rate are
compared with the classical nucleation theory (CNT) considering the "pressure
effect" [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101: 125703 (2008)]. It is found that the presence of
air as a carrier gas decreases the nucleation rate only slightly and, in
particular, to a significantly lower extent than predicted by CNT. The
nucleation rate of carbon dioxide is generally underestimated by CNT, leading
to a deviation between one and two orders of magnitude for pure carbon dioxide
in the vicinity of the spinodal line and up to three orders of magnitude in
presence of air as a carrier gas. Furthermore, CNT predicts a temperature
dependence of the nucleation rate in the spinodal limit, which cannot be
confirmed by molecular simulation
The de Rham homotopy theory and differential graded category
This paper is a generalization of arXiv:0810.0808. We develop the de Rham
homotopy theory of not necessarily nilpotent spaces, using closed dg-categories
and equivariant dg-algebras. We see these two algebraic objects correspond in a
certain way. We prove an equivalence between the homotopy category of schematic
homotopy types and a homotopy category of closed dg-categories. We give a
description of homotopy invariants of spaces in terms of minimal models. The
minimal model in this context behaves much like the Sullivan's minimal model.
We also provide some examples. We prove an equivalence between fiberwise
rationalizations and closed dg-categories with subsidiary data.Comment: 47 pages. final version. The final publication is available at
http://www.springerlink.co
Aging-like Phenotype and Defective Lineage Specification in SIRT1-Deleted Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
Summary Aging hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) exhibit defective lineage specification that is thought to be central to increased incidence of myeloid malignancies and compromised immune competence in the elderly. Mechanisms underlying these age-related defects remain largely unknown. We show that the deacetylase Sirtuin (SIRT)1 is required for homeostatic HSC maintenance. Differentiation of young SIRT1-deleted HSCs is skewed toward myeloid lineage associated with a significant decline in the lymphoid compartment, anemia, and altered expression of associated genes. Combined with HSC accumulation of damaged DNA and expression patterns of age-linked molecules, these have striking overlaps with aged HSCs. We further show that SIRT1 controls HSC homeostasis via the longevity transcription factor FOXO3. These findings suggest that SIRT1 is essential for HSC homeostasis and lineage specification. They also indicate that SIRT1 might contribute to delaying HSC aging
CYLD Proteolysis Protects Macrophages from TNF-Mediated Auto-necroptosis Induced by LPS and Licensed by Type I IFN
SummaryTumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces necroptosis, a RIPK3/MLKL-dependent form of inflammatory cell death. In response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria, multiple receptors on macrophages, including TLR4, TNF, and type I IFN receptors, are concurrently activated, but it is unclear how they crosstalk to regulate necroptosis. We report that TLR4 activates CASPASE-8 to cleave and remove the deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) in a TRIF- and RIPK1-dependent manner to disable necroptosis in macrophages. Inhibiting CASPASE-8 leads to CYLD-dependent necroptosis caused by the TNF produced in response to TLR4 ligation. While lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced necroptosis was abrogated in Tnf−/− macrophages, a soluble TNF antagonist was not able to do so in Tnf+/+ macrophages, indicating that necroptosis occurs in a cell-autonomous manner. Surprisingly, TNF-mediated auto-necroptosis of macrophages requires type I IFN, which primes the expression of key necroptosis-signaling molecules, including TNFR2 and MLKL. Thus, the TNF necroptosis pathway is regulated by both negative and positive crosstalk
Superheated Microdrops as Cold Dark Matter Detectors
It is shown that under realistic background considerations, an improvement in
Cold Dark Matter sensitivity of several orders of magnitude is expected from a
detector based on superheated liquid droplets. Such devices are totally
insensitive to minimum ionizing radiation while responsive to nuclear recoils
of energies ~ few keV. They operate on the same principle as the bubble
chamber, but offer unattended, continuous, and safe operation at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure.Comment: 15 pgs, 4 figures include
Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation driven by local hot spots: a Molecular Dynamics Study
We report a Molecular Dynamics study of homogenous bubble nucleation in a
Lennard-Jones fluid. The rate of bubble nucleation is estimated using
forward-flux sampling (FFS). We find that cavitation starts with compact
bubbles rather than with ramified structures as had been suggested by Shen and
Debenedetti (J. Chem. Phys. 111:3581, 1999). Our estimate of the
bubble-nucleation rate is higher than predicted on the basis of Classical
Nucleation Theory (CNT). Our simulations show that local temperature
fluctuations correlate strongly with subsequent bubble formation - this
mechanism is not taken into account in CNT
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