De-Novo Assembly and Analysis of the Heterozygous Triploid Genome of the Wine Spoilage Yeast Dekkera bruxellensis AWRI1499

Despite its industrial importance, the yeast species Dekkera (Brettanomyces) bruxellensis has remained poorly understood at the genetic level. In this study we describe whole genome sequencing and analysis for a prevalent wine spoilage strain, AWRI1499. The 12.7 Mb assembly, consisting of 324 contigs in 99 scaffolds (super-contigs) at 26-fold coverage, exhibits a relatively high density of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Haplotype sampling for 1.2% of open reading frames suggested that the D. bruxellensis AWRI1499 genome is comprised of a moderately heterozygous diploid genome, in combination with a divergent haploid genome. Gene content analysis revealed enrichment in membrane proteins, particularly transporters, along with oxidoreductase enzymes. Availability of this assembly and annotation provides a resource for further investigation of genomic organization in this species, and functional characterization of genes that may confer important phenotypic traits

The Instrumental Role of Food PackagingThe Importance of Packaging Design for the Chemistry of Food Products

Packaging are physical ‘media’ which aim to satisfy three main requirements: to contain, preserve and transport human products. Functionality is the real essence of the synergetic food/packaging system. However, there is not functionality without communication. The concept of food packaging concerns a dualistic system: on the one side, every food packaging is expected to preserve packaged foods against thermal leaps, environmental moisture, mechanical damages (functional requirements). The viewpoint of research chemists is important: all above mentioned factors depend also on chemical processes, analytical methods, food examinations and reports when speaking of human health, food safety, logistic matters and environmental sustainability of recycling processes. On the other hand, packaging design enhances the communication. Consequently, the complex relationship between communication (according to a design approach) and functional requirements has to be carefully studied in the pre-production step