2,097 research outputs found
Erbium-doped nanoparticles in silica-based optical fibres
Developing of new rare-earth (RE)-doped optical fibres for power amplifiers
and lasers requires continuous improvements in the fibre spectroscopic
properties (like shape and width of the gain curve, optical quantum efficiency,
resistance to spectral hole burning and photodarkening...). Silica glass as a
host material for fibres has proved to be very attractive. However, some
potential applications of RE-doped fibres suffer from limitations in terms of
spectroscopic properties resulting from clustering or inappropriate local
environment when doped into silica. To this aim, we present a new route to
modify some spectroscopic properties of RE ions in silica-based fibres based on
the incorporation of erbium ions in amorphous dielectric nanoparticles, grown
in-situ in fibre preforms. By adding alkaline earth elements, in low
concentration into silica, one can obtain a glass with an immiscibility gap.
Then, phase separation occurs under an appropriate heat treatment. We
investigated the role of three alkaline-earth elements: magnesium, calcium and
strontium. We present the achieved stabilisation of nanometric erbium-doped
dielectric nanoparticles within the core of silica fibres. We present the
nanoparticle dimensional characterisation in fibre samples. We also show the
spectroscopic characterisation of erbium in preform and fibre samples with
different compositions. This new route could have important potentials in
improving RE-doped fibre amplifiers and laser sources.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1201.111
Er doped oxide nanoparticles in silica based optical fibres
Erbium doped materials are of great interest in optical telecommunications
due to the Er3+ intra-4f emission at 1.54 ?m. Erbium doped fibre amplifiers
(EDFA) were developed in silica glass because of the low losses at this
wavelength and the reliability of this glass. Developments of new rare earth
doped fibre amplifiers aim to control their spectroscopic properties including
shape and width of the gain curve and optical quantum efficiency. Standard
silica glass modifiers, such as aluminium, result in very good properties in
current EDFA. However, for more drastic spectroscopic changes, more important
modifications of the rare earth ions local environment are required. To address
this aim, we present a fibre fabrication route creating rare earth doped
calcia?silica or calcia?phosphosilica nanoparticles embedded in silica glass.
By adding alkaline earth elements such as calcium, in low concentration, one
can obtain a glass with an immisci- bility gap so that phase separation occurs
with an appropriate heat treatment. We investigated the role of two elements:
calcium and phosphorus (a standard silica modifier). Scanning electron
microscopy shows that nanoparticles are only observed when calcium is
incorporated. The size of the particles is determined to be around 50 nm in
preform samples. The nature of these particles depends on phosphorus content:
without P, electron diffraction shows that the particles are amorphous whilst
they are partially crystalline when phosphorus is added. In addition through
use of energy dispersive x-ray techniques, we have shown that erbium ions are
located in the nanoparticles
Galvanic coupling between copper and aluminium in a thin-layer cell
The Al/Cu coupling was investigated in a thin-layer cell formed by a large Cu electrode and an Al microelectrode embedded in an insulator placed above the Cu electrode. By using a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) the thickness of the thin layer was perfectly controlledwith a precision in the micrometer range. A copper deposit on an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was also used as SECM substrate to quantify the copper dissolution rate. It was shown that such an experimental set-up allows to mimic the galvanic corrosion of intermetallic particles embedded in the aluminium matrix of the 2XXX series aluminium alloys. The combination of the SECM and the EQCM permitted the evaluation of the corrosion rate of copper at the corrosion potential of the 2024 Al alloy, whereas cyclic voltammetry performed on the SECM tip indicated the enrichment in Cu2+ ions in the thin electrolyte layer
Localized approach to galvanic coupling in an aluminumâmagnesium system
The corrosion behavior of a pure aluminum/pure magnesium couple in a weakly conductive sodium sulfate solution was investigated. Potential and current distributions on the surface of the model couple at the beginning of immersion were obtained by solving the Laplace equation using a finite element method algorithm. Magnesium acted as the anode of the system while oxygen and water were reduced on aluminum. Calculations predicted a large current peak at the Al/Mg interface related to a local increase in both Mg dissolution and oxygen and water reduction on aluminum, leading to a local pH increase. Optical and scanning electron microscope observations confirmed the strong dissolution of magnesium concomitantly with depassivation of aluminum at the Al/Mg interface. Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed the detrimental effects of the galvanic coupling both on aluminum and magnesium
Galvanic Coupling Between Pure Copper and Pure Aluminum Experimental Approach and Mathematical Model
The corrosion behavior of a pure aluminum/pure copper couple in a weakly conductive sulfate solution was investigated. Potential and current distributions on the surface of the model couple at the beginning of immersion were obtained by solving the Laplace equation using a finite element method (FEM) algorithm. The potential distribution predicted by the calculations was checked using a Ag/AgCl microreference electrode. A good agreement was found between experimental and theoretical results. It was shown that the reaction occurring at the copper electrode was oxygen reduction, while aluminum remote from the Al/Cu interface remained in the passive state. Moreover, calculations predicted a large cathodic current, related to an increase in oxygen reduction, restricted to copper at the Al/Cu interface. This led to a local pH increase reaching values higher than 9, allowing the dissolution of aluminum to occur close to the interface. Combining these data with optical and scanning electron microscope observations after 24 h of immersion in the sodium sulfate solution allowed a three-step mechanism to be proposed to explain the corrosion damage, and particularly the presence of a copper deposit on the aluminum surface, some distance from the Al/Cu interface, a phenomenon currently observed in commercial copper-rich aluminum alloys
Simulating the galvanic coupling between S-Al2CuMg phase particles and the matrix of 2024 aerospace aluminium alloy
Study of the corrosion behaviour of a magnetron sputtered AlâCu/AlâCuâMg model alloy couple in sulphate solutions has been undertaken to gain insight into the galvanic coupling between the matrix and SAl2CuMg particles in the 2024 aluminium alloy (AA2024). Polarisation curves and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements (LEIS) were performed on the individual alloys and on the model alloy couple. SEM enabled correlation of electrochemical phenomena to the observed damage. The corrosion behaviour of the sputtered alloys was shown to be representative of the AA2024, with the AlâCuâMg alloy part undergoing localised corrosion and the AlâCu alloy part remaining passive
Pont-du-ChĂąteau â Le lit de lâAllier au lieu-dit les Palisses
En 2016, lors de lâopĂ©ration archĂ©ologique conduite par Yves LĂ©cuyer (LĂ©cuyer 2016), un ensemble de huit pierres de taille avait Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ© dans le lit de lâAllier au lieu-dit les Palisses. En raison des conditions de courant, le relevĂ© exhaustif du site nâavait pu ĂȘtre effectuĂ©. Notons que ces pierres sont de mĂȘme facture antique que plus de 280 blocs extraits de la riviĂšre en 1969, 1971 et 1972, parmi lesquels figurent des chapiteaux et des tronçons de colonnes, dont on ne connaĂźt pas lâo..
Hydration of casein micelles: kinetics and isotherms of water sorption of micellar casein isolated from fresh and heat-treated milk
Water vapour sorption isotherms of casein micelles prepared from raw milk and various heat-treated milks were determined. The equilibrium water contents of the heated preparations were markedly lower than that of the raw-milk casein over the whole range of vapour pressures studied. An analysis of the sorption isotherms in the relative vapour pressure range 0·1-0.45, according to the Brunauer, Emmett & Teller (1938) equation, showed that there were significant differences between preparations in the computed monolayer contents. Differences in the rates of water sorption were also observed between the different preparations. As judged from the amount of absorbed water, the influence of the heating methods could be ranked in the order: HTST (92 °C) UHT (direct) <UHT (indirect) < HTST (72 °C
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