O processo de socialização musical primária: aprendizagem e conhecimentos musicais do cotidiano e a educação musical formal - uma abordagem sócio-histórica

Este trabalho pretende apresentar uma possível abordagem teórica para as questões que o conhecimento musical cotidiano impõe à Educação Musical Formal. A intenção é propor uma leitura interpretativa desse conhecimento, a partir dos fundamentos teóricos das obras de Agnes Heller, Berger & Luckmann e Lev Vigotski. A partir dessa fundamentação teórica, pretende-se analisar a natureza e as especificidades da esfera social cotidiana e do conhecimento musical cotidiano a ela pertencente, situando o lugar e o papel desse conhecimento no processo formal de ensino-aprendizagem de música. Utilizando alguns dos conceitos desses teóricos ligados ao materialismo histórico, discute-se como esse conhecimento musical informal/espontâneo pode ser abordado do ponto de vista teórico (filosófico e sociológico); qual a importância dele para as crianças; qual sua função e suas influências no aprendizado formal de música; e como tem sido tratado, ou considerado, nos currículos das escolas formais. Para delimitar o que é cotidiano e conhecimento cotidiano foram utilizados os conceitos de Heller das esferas cotidiana e não-cotidiana da vida social humana e formas de pensamento cotidianas; para problematizar a questão do aprendizado espontâneo cotidiano e sua importância para a formação do indivíduo foi utilizado o conceito de socialização primária de Berger & Luckmann; para discutir a questão da relação entre o conhecimento cotidiano, o desenvolvimento cognitivo e o aprendizado escolar, são utilizados os conceitos de apropriação, aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de Vigotski; para situar essas questões na área da educação e da pedagogia são utilizados alguns pressupostos da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica, aqui representada pelas as idéias dos filósofos Dermeval Saviani e Newton Duarte.Abstract. This work intends to introduce a possible theorist approach for the questions that the everyday music knowledge imposes to Formal Music Education. The purpose is to propose an interpreting reading about this knowledge, using the theorist foundation of authors Agnes Heller, Berger & Luckmann and Lev Vigotski. From this theorist foundation, this works intends to analyze the particularizations of everyday life and its musical knowledge, situating the place and function of this knowledge to the formal music teaching-learning. Using some concepts of this authors related of the historic materialism, examines how this informal music knowledge can be approached by the theorist view (philosophical and sociological); what this importance to the children; what its influence and function to the formal music learning; and how it has approaching by the formal music education. The Heller’s concepts of social everyday space and everyday forms of thoughts were used to situate what is everyday life and everyday knowledge; the Berger & Luckmann’s concept of primary socializing was using to situate the importance of spontaneous everyday learning to the human formation; the Vigotski’s concepts about learning and development were using to examines the relations between the everyday knowledge, cognitive development and formal education; at last, this work uses some concepts of the Critic-Historic Pedagogy, represented here by education philosophers Dermeval Saviani and Newton Duarte, to situate these questions in the educational area

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data