Analysis for the Design of a Sustainable Housing Complex in Haiti

This paper presents sustainable strategies for the design of a prototype sustainable housing complex in tropical climate that applies specifically to Haiti. The tropical climate zone is hot and humid with abundant rainfall and luxuriant vegetation growth. Despite its beautiful environment most of the countries in this zone are undeveloped and poverty manifests itself in different faces especially in poor housing condition. In this study, the history, geography, and culture of Haiti are analyzed in the context of family unit, community, and economic aspects. The climate conditions are also investigated in the context of residents’ comfort and energy savings. The construction materials appropriate for Haiti climate are explored. Rainwater harvesting and gray water reuses are discussed. Finally, sustainable design principles are proposed. Sustainable housing design refers to a strategy to plan and build a housing complex that uses efficient energy and water management while minimizing the overall adverse health and environmental problems. This means keeping the conventional comfort and environment conditions in housing by using natural sources of energy, like sun and wind, to provide natural heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and water management while contributing to a responsible natural resources use. The proposed guiding principles target to be utilized for the design of sustainable housing complex in Haiti located in a tropical climate

Epidemiology of prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of pregnancy because of foetal neural tube defects in the Netherlands in comparison with other European countries

Objective. To describe the epidemiological impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion on the frequency of neural tube defects (NTD) in the period 1980-1992 in the Northern Netherlands in comparison with data from other European regions. Design. Descriptive. Setting. 17 'European registration of congenital anomalies' (EUROCAT) registrations, localized in 10 European countries. Method. Data were collected actively and retrospectively from multiple sources fed by voluntary registration of congenital anomalies in live births, stillbirths and pregnancies terminated because of congenital anomalies. Results. In Europe the total birth prevalence of NTD in the period 1980-1992 ranged from 5.3 per 10,000 in Switzerland to 29.0 per 10,000 in Glasgow, a difference of a factor 5.5. In live births the difference was ninefold: ranging from 2,0 per 10,000 in Paris to 18.8 per 10,000 in Dublin. The Netherlands had a conspicuously high prevalence among live births, higher than in other regions in continental Europe. For spina bifida the live birth prevalence both in other continental regions and in Glasgow was also lower than in the Netherlands. In Glasgow serum alpha-foetoprotein screening apparently led to frequent early prenatal diagnosis of NTD and to frequent termination of pregnancy. In Paris the use of ultrasound screening appears to lead to frequent later prenatal diagnosis, as well as frequent termination of pregnancy. Conclusion. In the Netherlands the impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion is limited, so that primary prevention (periconceptional use of folic acid) is more important than in some other European countries.</p

Epidemiology of prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of pregnancy because of foetal neural tube defects in the Netherlands in comparison with other European countries

Objective. To describe the epidemiological impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion on the frequency of neural tube defects (NTD) in the period 1980-1992 in the Northern Netherlands in comparison with data from other European regions. Design. Descriptive. Setting. 17 'European registration of congenital anomalies' (EUROCAT) registrations, localized in 10 European countries. Method. Data were collected actively and retrospectively from multiple sources fed by voluntary registration of congenital anomalies in live births, stillbirths and pregnancies terminated because of congenital anomalies. Results. In Europe the total birth prevalence of NTD in the period 1980-1992 ranged from 5.3 per 10,000 in Switzerland to 29.0 per 10,000 in Glasgow, a difference of a factor 5.5. In live births the difference was ninefold: ranging from 2,0 per 10,000 in Paris to 18.8 per 10,000 in Dublin. The Netherlands had a conspicuously high prevalence among live births, higher than in other regions in continental Europe. For spina bifida the live birth prevalence both in other continental regions and in Glasgow was also lower than in the Netherlands. In Glasgow serum alpha-foetoprotein screening apparently led to frequent early prenatal diagnosis of NTD and to frequent termination of pregnancy. In Paris the use of ultrasound screening appears to lead to frequent later prenatal diagnosis, as well as frequent termination of pregnancy. Conclusion. In the Netherlands the impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion is limited, so that primary prevention (periconceptional use of folic acid) is more important than in some other European countries.</p

Epidemiology of prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of pregnancy because of foetal neural tube defects in the Netherlands in comparison with other European countries

Objective. To describe the epidemiological impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion on the frequency of neural tube defects (NTD) in the period 1980-1992 in the Northern Netherlands in comparison with data from other European regions. Design. Descriptive. Setting. 17 'European registration of congenital anomalies' (EUROCAT) registrations, localized in 10 European countries. Method. Data were collected actively and retrospectively from multiple sources fed by voluntary registration of congenital anomalies in live births, stillbirths and pregnancies terminated because of congenital anomalies. Results. In Europe the total birth prevalence of NTD in the period 1980-1992 ranged from 5.3 per 10,000 in Switzerland to 29.0 per 10,000 in Glasgow, a difference of a factor 5.5. In live births the difference was ninefold: ranging from 2,0 per 10,000 in Paris to 18.8 per 10,000 in Dublin. The Netherlands had a conspicuously high prevalence among live births, higher than in other regions in continental Europe. For spina bifida the live birth prevalence both in other continental regions and in Glasgow was also lower than in the Netherlands. In Glasgow serum alpha-foetoprotein screening apparently led to frequent early prenatal diagnosis of NTD and to frequent termination of pregnancy. In Paris the use of ultrasound screening appears to lead to frequent later prenatal diagnosis, as well as frequent termination of pregnancy. Conclusion. In the Netherlands the impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion is limited, so that primary prevention (periconceptional use of folic acid) is more important than in some other European countries.</p

Epidemiology of prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of pregnancy because of foetal neural tube defects in the Netherlands in comparison with other European countries

Objective. To describe the epidemiological impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion on the frequency of neural tube defects (NTD) in the period 1980-1992 in the Northern Netherlands in comparison with data from other European regions. Design. Descriptive. Setting. 17 'European registration of congenital anomalies' (EUROCAT) registrations, localized in 10 European countries. Method. Data were collected actively and retrospectively from multiple sources fed by voluntary registration of congenital anomalies in live births, stillbirths and pregnancies terminated because of congenital anomalies. Results. In Europe the total birth prevalence of NTD in the period 1980-1992 ranged from 5.3 per 10,000 in Switzerland to 29.0 per 10,000 in Glasgow, a difference of a factor 5.5. In live births the difference was ninefold: ranging from 2,0 per 10,000 in Paris to 18.8 per 10,000 in Dublin. The Netherlands had a conspicuously high prevalence among live births, higher than in other regions in continental Europe. For spina bifida the live birth prevalence both in other continental regions and in Glasgow was also lower than in the Netherlands. In Glasgow serum alpha-foetoprotein screening apparently led to frequent early prenatal diagnosis of NTD and to frequent termination of pregnancy. In Paris the use of ultrasound screening appears to lead to frequent later prenatal diagnosis, as well as frequent termination of pregnancy. Conclusion. In the Netherlands the impact of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion is limited, so that primary prevention (periconceptional use of folic acid) is more important than in some other European countries.</p

Clinical performance and radiation dosimetry of no-carrier-added vs carrier-added 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) for the assessment of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity

Purpose We hypothesized that assessment of myocardial sympathetic activity with no-carrier-added (nca) I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) compared to carrier-added (ca) I-123-MIBG would lead to an improvement of clinical performance without major differences in radiation dosimetry. Methods In nine healthy volunteers, 15 min and 4 h planar thoracic scintigrams and conjugate whole-body scans were performed up to 48 h following intravenous injection of 185 MBq I-123-MIBG. The subjects were given both nca and ca I-123-MIBG. Early heart/mediastinal ratios (H/M), late H/M ratios and myocardial washout were calculated. The fraction of administered activity in ten source organs was quantified from the attenuation-corrected geometric mean counts in conjugate views. Radiation-absorbed doses were estimated with OLINDA/EXM software. Results Both early and late H/M were higher for nca I-123-MIBG (ca I-123-MIBG early H/M 2.46 +/- 0.15 vs nca I-123-MIBG 2.84 +/- 0.15, p = 0.001 and ca I-123-MIBG late H/M 2.69 +/- 0.14 vs nca I-123-MIBG 3.34 +/- 0.18, p = 0.002). Myocardial washout showed a longer retention time for nca I-123-MIBG (p <0.001). The effective dose equivalent (adult male model) for nca I-123-MIBG was similar to that for ca I-123-MIBG (0.025 +/- 0.002 mSv/MBq vs 0.026 +/- 0.002 mSv/MBq, p = 0.055, respectively). Conclusion No-carrier-added I-123-MIBG yields a higher relative myocardial uptake and is associated with a higher myocardial retention. This difference between nca I-123-MIBG and ca I-123-MIBG in myocardial uptake did not result in major differences in estimated absorbed doses. Therefore, nca I-123-MIBG is to be preferred over ca I-123-MIBG for the assessment of cardiac sympathetic activit