Making and exchanging a second-hand oil field, considered in an industrial marketing setting

Marketing researchers have begun exploring actor network theory as a way of understanding how marketers and marketing concepts contribute to the shaping and developing of markets. This paper strikes out in a new direction by considering the development of a market in an industrial setting, namely for mature or second-hand oil and gas fields, especially in the UK, since the mid-1990s. The market is thin and has no standard mode of exchange. Buyers and sellers develop valuations only in part because oil and gas fields are objects in markets, also representing them as situated in networks of production. Hence, different versions and valuations persist throughout an episode of exchange. The paper suggests that in industrial settings, concerns of production are taken into account in order to support something like a market exchange, rather than spilling over and becoming potential sources of later surprise and upset to otherwise well-ordered exchanges

Soil organic matter and fertility of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) in the Brazilian Amazon basin Matéria orgânica e fertilidade de solos antropogênicos (Terra Preta De Índio) da Bacia Amazônica brasileira

Fertility properties, total C (Ctot), and chemical soil organic matter fractions (fulvic acid fraction - FA, humic acid fraction - HA, humin fraction - H) of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) of the Amazon basin were compared with those of Ferralsols with no anthropogenic A horizon. Terra Preta soils had a higher fertility (pH: 5.1-5.4; Sum of bases, SB: 8.93-10.33 cmol c kg-1 , CEC: 17.2-17.5 cmol c kg-1 , V: 51-59 %, P: 116-291 mg kg-1) and Ctot (44.6-44.7 g kg-1) than adjacent Ferralsols (pH: 4.4; SB: 2.04 cmol c kg-1, CEC: 9.5 cmol c kg-1, V: 21 %, P 5 mg kg-1, C: 37.9 g kg-1). The C distribution among humic substance fractions (FA, HA, H) in Terra Preta soils was also different, as shown by the ratios HA:FA and EA/H (EA=HA+FA) (2.1-3.0 and 1.06-1.08 for Terra Preta and 1.2 and 0.72 for Ferralsols, respectively). While the cation exchange capacity (CEC), of Ferralsols correlated with FA (r = 0.97), the CEC of Terra Preta correlated with H (r = 0.82). The correlation of the fertility of Terra Preta with the highly stable soil organic matter fraction (H) is highly significant for the development of sustainable soil fertility management models in tropical ecosystems.<br>Propriedades de fertilidade, carbono total (Ctot) e frações químicas da matéria orgânica (fração ácidos fúlvicos - FA, fração ácidos húmicos - HA e fração humina - HUM) foram comparados entre solos antrópicos (Terra Preta de Índio) e Latossolos sem horizonte A antrópico. Os solos antrópicos apresentaram maior fertilidade (pH: 5,1-5,4; S: 8,93-10,33 cmol c kg-1 ; CEC: 17,2-17,5 cmol c kg-1 ; V: 51-59 %; P: 116-291 mg kg-1) e maiores teores de carbono total (44,6-44,7 g kg-1) que os Latossolos (pH: 4,4; S: 2,04 cmol c kg-1; CEC: 9,5 cmol c kg-1; V: 21 %, P: 5 mg kg-1, Ctot: 37,9 g kg-1). Os solos antrópicos também tiveram distribuição diferenciada de C entre as frações das substâncias húmicas (FA, HÁ e HUM), expressa pelas razões HA:FA e EA:HUM (EA = HA + FA), que foram de 2,1-3,0 e 1,06-1,08 para as Terras Pretas de Índio e de 1,2 e 0,72 para Latossolos, respectivamente. Enquanto a capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de Latossolos apresentou correlação com a fração FA (r = 0,97), a CTC das Terras Pretas de Índio correlacionou-se com a fração HUM (r = 0,82). Essa correlação entre a fertilidade das Terras Pretas de Índio e a fração mais estável das substâncias húmicas (HUM) tem importantes implicações no desenvolvimento de modelos sustentáveis de manejo da fertilidade de solos em ecossistemas tropicais