140 research outputs found
Measuring the Impact of Regulationon Market Stability: Evidence from the US Markets
In this paper, we introduce a new methodology designed to test the effect of new regulatory disclosure requirements on the disclosure threshold as predicted by the extant literature (Verrecchia (1983), Dye (1985)). We apply our methodology to test the consistency between observed effects from major US regulation past and present (1933/1934 Securities Acts, Regulation Fair Disclosure 2000, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002) with regulatory objectives.
The Effectiveness of Britain's Financial Service Authority: An Economic Analysis
Sweeping regulatory reforms in Britain resulted in the formation of the Financial Services Authority (FSA). Because greater transparency of information is a major objective for this Act, shifting from one information system to another has re-distributive effects. We identify these effects at a sector level and their drivers at the firm level. At a sector level, FSA has generally increased the precision of investorsâ priors reducing the information risk component of the cost of capital. At a firm level, large firms act as âStackelberg leadersâ in voluntary disclosure games. FSA regulation shifts power from leaders to âfollowersâ.Disclosure, Regulation, Game Theory, Stackelberg Leader, Cost of Capital: information asymmetry
The Financial Services Reform Act 2001: Impact on Systemic risk in Australia
The rise of conglomerate banks and their interrelated balance sheets, pose new challenges to theories of financial regulation. We measure the impact of recent legislative changes in Australia upon systemic risk, for banking and near banking sectors, and demonstrate a significant reduction post the legislation. This is consistent with a major legislative goal, to promote global competitiveness, because it implies a reduction in the cost of equity capital. In addition, we find no evidence in support of the HIH collapse increasing systemic risk in the overall financial sector but a relatively small effect was detected in the banking sector.Ris, Banks, Disclosure, Regulation, Entropy
The Biological Control of Psylla uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on Hawaii
New State Records of Immigrant Insects in the Hawaiian Islands for the Year 1999
Records are given for 43 species of insects and other small organisms not
previously reported to be established in Hawaii. These species were first collected and
identified during 1999 or earlier and are now believed to be established in the state.
Known information on the taxonomy and biology is provide
CODE-1 : moored array and large-scale data report
The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment
(CODE) was undertaken to identify and study
the important dynamical processes which
govern the wind-driven motion of coastal
water over the continental shelf. The
initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional
research program was to obtain
high-quality data sets of all the
relevant physical variables needed to construct
accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions
of the response of shelf water
to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day
band. A series of two small-scale, densely-instrumented
field experiments of approximately
four months duration (called CODE-1
and CODE-2) were designed to explore and
to determine the kinematics and momentum
and heat balances of the local wind-driven
flow over a region of the northern California shelf which is characterized by both
relatively simple bottom topography and
large wind stress events in both winter
and summer. A more lightly instrumented,
long-term, large-scale component was designed
to help separate the local wind-driven
response in the region of the small-scale
experiments from motions generated either offshore by the California Current
system or in some distant region along the
coast, and also to help determine the seasonal
cycles of the atmospheric forcing,
water structure, and coastal currents over
the northern California shelf.
The first small-scale experiment
(CODE-1) was conducted between April and
August, 1981 as a pilot study in which
primary emphasis was placed on characterizing
the wind-driven "signal" and the
"noise" from which this signal must be
extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was
designed to identify the key features of
the circulation and its variability over
the northern California shelf and to
determine the important time and length
scales of the wind-driven response. This
report presents a basic description of the
moored array data and some other Eulerian
data collected during CODE-1. A brief
description of the CODE-1 field program is
presented first, followed by a description
of the common data analysis procedures used
to produce the various data sets presented
here. Then basic descriptions of the following
data sets are presented: (a) the
coastal and moored meteorological measurements,
(b) the moored current measurements,
(c) the moored temperature and conductivity
observations, (d) the bottom pressure measurements,
and (e) the wind and adjusted
coastal sea level observations obtained as
part of the CODE-1 large-scale component.Prepared for the National Science
Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941
CODE-2 : moored array and large-scale data report
The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment
(CODE) was undertaken to identify and study
the important dynamical processes which
govern the wind-driven motion of coastal
water over the continental shelf. The
initial effort in this multi-year, multi-institutional
research program was to obtain
high-quality data sets of all the
relevant physical variables needed to construct
accurate kinematic and dynamic descriptions
of the response of shelf water
to strong wind forcing in the 2 to 10 day
band. A series of two small-scale, densely-
instrumented field experiments of approximately
four months duration (called CODE-1
and CODE-2) were designed to explore and
to determine the kinematics and momentum
and heat balances of the local wind-driven
flow over a region of the northern California
shelf which is characterized by both
relatively simple bottom topography and
large wind stress events in both winter
and summer. A more lightly instrumented,
long -term, large-scale component was
designed to help separate the local wind-driven
response in the region of the small-scale
experiments from motions generated
either offshore by the California Current
system or in some distant region along the
coast, and also to help determine the seasonal
cycles of the atmospheric forcing,
water structure, and coastal currents over
the northern California shelf.
The first small-scale experiment
(CODE-1) was conducted between April and
August, 1981 as a pilot study in "which
primary emphasis was placed on characterizing
the wind-driven "signal" and the
"noise" from which this signal must be
extracted. In particular, CODE-1 was
designed to identify the key features of
the circulation and its variability over
the northern California shelf and to
determine the important time and length
scales of the wind-driven response. The
second small-scale experiment (CODE-2) was
conducted between April and August, 1982
and was designed to sample more carefully
the mesoscale horizonta1 variability
observed in CODE-1. This report presents a
basic description of the moored array data
and some other Eulerian data collected
during CODE-2. A brief description of the
CODE-2 field program is presented first,
followed by a description of the common
data analysis procedures used to produce
the various data sets presented here. Then
basic descriptions of the following data
sets are presented: (a) the coastal and
moored meteorological measurements, (b)
the moored current measurements, (c) array
plots of the surface wind stress and near-surface
current measurements, (d) the
moored temperature and conductivity observations,
(e) the bottom pressure measurements,
and (f) the wind and adjusted
coastal sea level observations obtained as
part of the CODE-2 large-scale component.This work has
been supported by the National Science
Foundation
Recommended from our members
Seasonal cycles of currents, temperatures, winds, and sea level over the northeast pacific continental shelf: 35°N to 48°N
Seasonal cycles of coastal wind stress, adjusted sea level (ASL), shelf currents, and water
temperatures off the west coast of North America (35°N to 48°N) are estimated by fitting annual and
semiannual harmonics to data from 1981-1983. Longer records (9-34 years) of monthly ASL indicate
that these two harmonics adequately represent the long-term monthly average seasonal cycle and that
the current measurement period is long enough to estimate the seasonal cycles. We characterize the
differences between fall/winter and spring/summer as follows: For fall/winter, monthly mean winds
north of 35°N are northward for 3-6 months (longer in the north than in the south); south of 35°N, the
mean winds are near zero or weakly southward; monthly mean alongshore currents are northward
over midshelf and shelf break at all locations sampled at depths of 35 m and deeper and are associated
with high coastal sea levels and relatively warm water temperatures. For spring/summer, monthly
mean wind stresses are southward at all latitudes for 3-6 months (longer in the south than in the north),
sea levels are low, and water temperatures are relatively cool; monthly mean currents at 35 m depth
over the shelf are southward for 1-6 months (longer at the shelf break than over midshelf and longer
in the north than in the south), while the deeper currents are less southward or northward. The
magnitudes of the seasonal cycles of all variables are maximum between approximately 38°N and
43°N, generally decreasing slightly to the north and greatly to the south. At each location the seasonal
cycle of the alongshore current from 35 m depth at midshelf leads the sea level slightly and both lead
the wind stress and temperatures by 1-2 months. The seasonal cycles of all variables show a
south-to-north progression (south leads north by 1-2 months). At 48°N, annual mean currents at 50 m
depth over the shelf break oppose the annual mean wind (northward wind and southward current).
Similarly, at 35°N, annual mean currents at 35 m depth over both midshelf and shelf break are opposed
to the annual mean wind (southward wind and northward current). From 35°N to 43°N, both summer
and winter regimes are dominated by strongly fluctuating currents
Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking: 20 Years of Progress
In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we first discuss the generality of stress-induced reinstatement to different drugs of abuse, different stressors, and different behavioral procedures. We also discuss neuropharmacological mechanisms, and brain areas and circuits controlling stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We conclude by discussing results from translational human laboratory studies and clinical trials that were inspired by results from rat studies on stress-induced reinstatement. Our main conclusions are (1) The phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement, first shown with an intermittent footshock stressor in rats trained to self-administer heroin, generalizes to other abused drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol, and is also observed in the conditioned place preference model in rats and mice. This phenomenon, however, is stressor specific and not all stressors induce reinstatement of drug seeking. (2) Neuropharmacological studies indicate the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, kappa/dynorphin, and several other peptide and neurotransmitter systems in stress-induced reinstatement. Neuropharmacology and circuitry studies indicate the involvement of CRF and noradrenaline transmission in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and central amygdala, and dopamine, CRF, kappa/dynorphin, and glutamate transmission in other components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (ventral tegmental area, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens). (3) Translational human laboratory studies and a recent clinical trial study show the efficacy of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in decreasing stress-induced drug craving and stress-induced initial heroin lapse
Characterizing wave- and current- induced bottom shear stress : U.S. middle Atlantic continental shelf
This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Continental Shelf Research 52 (2013): 73-86, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2012.10.012.Waves and currents create bottom shear stress, a force at the seabed that influences sediment texture distribution, micro-topography, habitat, and anthropogenic use. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the magnitude, variability, and driving mechanisms of bottom stress and resultant sediment mobility on regional scales using numerical model output. The analysis was applied to the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), off the U.S. East Coast, and identified a tidally-dominated shallow region with relatively high stress southeast of Massachusetts over Nantucket Shoals, where sediment mobility thresholds are exceeded over 50% of the time; a coastal band extending offshore to about 30 m water depth dominated by waves, where mobility occurs more than 20% of the time; and a quiescent low stress region southeast of Long Island, approximately coincident with an area of fine-grained sediments called the âMud Patchâ. The regional high in stress and mobility over Nantucket Shoals supports the hypothesis that fine grain sediment winnowed away in this region maintains the Mud Patch to the southwest. The analysis identified waves as the driving mechanism for stress throughout most of the MAB, excluding Nantucket Shoals and sheltered coastal bays where tides dominate; however, the relative dominance of low-frequency events varied regionally, and increased southward toward Cape Hatteras. The correlation between wave stress and local wind stress was lowest in the central MAB, indicating a relatively high contribution of swell to bottom stress in this area, rather than locally generated waves. Accurate prediction of the wave energy spectrum was critical to produce good estimates of bottom shear stress, which was sensitive to energy in the long period waves.P.S. Dalyander was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall Research Fellowship Program
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