The origins of estrogen receptor alpha-positive and estrogen receptor alpha-negative human breast cancer

Current hormonal therapies have benefited millions of patients with breast cancer. Their success, however, is often temporary and limited to a subset of patients whose tumors express estrogen receptor alpha (ER). The therapies are entirely ineffective in ER-negative disease. Recent studies suggest that there are many biological pathways and alterations involved in determining whether ER is expressed and how it is regulated during breast cancer evolution. Improving hormonal therapies, in addition to perfecting current strategies, will also target these newly discovered pathways and alterations, and others yet to be found. The present commentary will briefly highlight a few important observations and unanswered questions regarding ER status and growth regulation during breast cancer evolution, which hopefully will help to stimulate new thinking and progress in this important area of medial research

Burmese Muslims in Cache Valley, Utah

The United Nations Refugee Organization records that there are 16,700,000 refugees in the world and 33,300,000 internally displaced persons (people who have been forced to leave their homes but have not left the country). Every day, an additional 32,200 people are forced from their homes, to leave everything behind, and to flee somewhere new and unfamiliar. According to the U.S. Department of State, 70,000 refugees entered the United States in 2013. Some of these refugees are assigned to Utah, and some relocate to Cache Valley. A number of Burmese Muslims have settled in Logan, either permanently or temporarily. The driving force behind the Cache Valley Refugee Project (CVRP) is to help generate awareness within the wider community. By sharing their stories, others may come to understand their trials and struggles as refugees, as well as their triumphs and goals for the future to create a stronger community in Cache Valley, Utah