Naissance de la pédiatrie au 19 e siècle

International audiencePediatrics began under the most unfavorable conditions that are difficult to imagine nowadays. Children at the start of the 19th century were considered as negligible. The death rate was tremendous, increased by the work of children in factories as soon as 6 years of age in textile industries. In upper classes, infants were fed by a wet nurse, far from their parents and death rate was high as well. The emergence of pediatrics was the result of work carried out in adult medicine in the first half of the 19th century: clinical anatomic method, knowledge of contagious diseases even before the discovery of bacteria, birth of bacteriology. During the whole century, infectious diseases contributed in a large part to children mortality, as that of adults, by cholera, typhus, variola, diphtheria, measles and tuberculosis. Progresses noted during the 2nd part of the century resulted from beginning of hygiene, antisepsis, nutrition improvement, taking consideration of children as human being asking for protection. In contrast, therapeutics as serotherapy, vaccinations at the break of the 20th century played a secondary role.La pédiatrie a débuté dans des conditions sociales difficiles d’imaginer de nos jours. L’enfant au début du 19e siècle était considéré comme négligeable. Le taux de mortalité était très important, aggravé par le travail des enfants dès l’âge de 6 ans dans l’industrie textile. Dans les classes aisées, les petits étaient mis en nourrice loin de leurs parents, avec également un taux de décès dramatique. L’émergence de la pédiatrie s’inscrit dans le cadre des progrès des connaissances survenus durant le siècle : corrélations anatomocliniques, notion de contagion avant même la découverte des microbes, puis naissance de la bactériologie. Pendant tout le siècle, les maladies infectieuses ont contribué grandement à la mortalité des enfants comme à celles des adultes par choléra, typhus, variole, diphtérie mais aussi rougeole, tuberculose. Les progrès enregistrés pendant la 2e moitié du siècle ont résulté de l’apparition de l’hygiène, de l’antisepsie, de l’amélioration de la nutrition, de la prise en compte de l’enfant en tant que personne et de la nécessité de sa protection. En contraste, les thérapeutiques ont joué un rôle secondaire avec l’apparition de la sérothérapie et l’apparition des vaccins à l’aube du 20e siècle

Devenir à l'âge adulte des nourrissons atteints de maladie coeliaque

La maladie coeliaque est définie comme une intolérance permanente au gluten qui détermine chez les sujets génétiquement prédisposés une atrophie des villosités de l'intestin grêle et une malabsorption. Les lésions histologiques guérissent sous régime sans gluten et la reprise d'un régime normal entraîne leur rechute. La prévalence de cette maladie est de l'ordre de 5 pour 1000 dans la population générale, les formes latentes étant 6 fois plus fréquentes que les patentes. La maladie peut se révéler aussi bien dans l'enfance qu'à l'âge adulte. Dans les formes à révélation tardive, on peut trouver des antécédents évocateurs datant de l'enfance. En dehors des cas typiques, une grande variété de symptômes manquant de spécificité peut s'observer. A partir de l'adolescence la maladie est souvent peu ou pas symptomatique. Un groupe de 84 patients pour lesquels le diagnostic d'intolérance au gluten a été posé entre 1971 et 1982 à un âge inférieur à 2 ans a été recensé. L'évolution après 18 ans a été connue pour 17 d'entre eux. Dix présentaient une maladie coeliaque en évolution : 8 en raison de lésions histologiques significatives, 2 en raison de la présence d'anticorps antiendomysium et antitransglutaminase. Trois avaient une rechute clinique : diarrhée et perte de poids dans 2 cas, dermatite herpétiforme dans un cas, 6 accusaient des troubles digestifs intermittents. Deux patients étaient en rémission histologique sous régime normal, quatre étaient sous régime sans gluten. Une revue de la littérature montre que les enfants qui ne respectent pas leur régime ont plus de chance de développer une hypodensité osseuse, une petite taille ou des troubles de l'auto-immunité. De même les adultes coeliaques ont un risque augmenté d'ostéoporose, de certains cancers, de troubles de l'auto-immunité, d'hypofertilité qui diminue sous régime d'exclusion. La nécessité d'un régime et d'une surveillance à vie paraissent donc établisPARIS12-CRETEIL BU Médecine (940282101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Outcomes of Neonatal Bulbar Weakness

International audienceBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Neonatal bulbar weakness (BW) has various etiologies and a broad prognostic range. We aimed to report outcomes in a large series of children with neonatal BW and explore the association of orofacial electrodiagnostic data with outcome.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the files of children who presented with facial, lingual, laryngeal, or pharyngeal weakness at birth and who underwent electrodiagnostic studies combining conventional needle electromyography (EMG) of orofacial muscles, blink responses, and EMG during bottle-feeding. Outcome measures included the need for prolonged respiratory assistance and enteral feeding, as well as sensorimotor and cognitive impairments.RESULTS: Of 175 patients, 73% had developmental disorders, 25% suffered from acquired brain damage, and 2% had no apparent underlying disorders. Motor or mental impairment was observed in 71%; death occurred in 16%. Outcomes were not significantly different when comparing developmental disorders versus acquired brain damage or neurogenic versus normal detection EMG. Abnormal blink responses were associated with higher frequencies of respiratory assistance (P = .03), gastrostomy (P = .025), and death (P = .009); moderate or severe oropharyngeal incoordinations were associated with higher frequencies of respiratory assistance (P = .006), prolonged enteral feeding (P < .0001), and gastrostomy (P = .0002).CONCLUSIONS: Orofacial electrodiagnostic studies provide supplementary information to help the pediatrician anticipate the management and prognosis of young infants with BW

Atomic interferences and the topological phase

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Doppler-tuned multi-photon resonances in an atom reflection by a standing evanescent wave

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Atomic Stern-Gerlach interferences with time-dependent magnetic fields

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A simple velocity-tunable pulsed atomic source of slow metastable argon

International audienceA pulsed beam of metastable argon atoms having a low tunable velocity (10 to 150 m.s^−1) is produced with a very substantial brightness (9×10^8 Ar*.s^−1.sr^−1). The present original experimental configuration leads to a variable velocity dispersion that can be smaller than the standard Brownian one. This behaviour, analysed using Monte Carlo simulations, exhibits momentum stretching (heating) or narrowing (cooling) entirely due to a subtle combination of Doppler and Zeeman effect

Lavoisier manuscript collection.

The Lavoisier manuscript collection (1766-1834) contains materials by, to or about Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and his wife, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Lavoisier, including material on their scientific work, correspondence, manuscripts, certificates, deeds, contracts, plates for publications, maps and drawings, memorabilia and artifacts. Letters include correspondence with the Académie des Sciences, Jean Sylvain Bailly, François Baudon, Anne-Margueritte-Charlotte Baudon, Antoine Baumé, Claude-Louis Berthollet, Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal, Joseph Black, Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau, Auguste Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy, Antoine-François de Fourcroy, Benjamin Franklin (photocopy of one letter), Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Lavoisier, Gaspard Monge, Jacques Paulze, and the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres. Other documents relate to Benoist LaForte, the Ferme Générale, the Académie des Sciences, Mathurin-Jacques Brisson, Joseph Priestley, the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres, and other aspects of Lavoisier's life and work and those of his associates.Antoine Laurent Lavoisie (born 1743) and his wife, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Lavoisier (born 1758) were both French chemists. The Lavoisier manuscript collection (1766-1834) contains materials by, to or about Antoine and Marie, including material on their scientific work, correspondence, manuscripts, certificates, deeds, contracts, plates for publications, maps and drawings, memorabilia and artifacts.Physical Description note: Manuscripts, drawings, prints, artifacts.The Lavoisier manuscript collection (1766-1834) contains materials by, to or about Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and his wife, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Lavoisier, including material on their scientific work, correspondence, manuscripts, certificates, deeds, contracts, plates for publications, maps and drawings, memorabilia and artifacts. Letters include correspondence with the Académie des Sciences, Jean Sylvain Bailly, François Baudon, Anne-Margueritte-Charlotte Baudon, Antoine Baumé, Claude-Louis Berthollet, Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal, Joseph Black, Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau, Auguste Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy, Antoine-François de Fourcroy, Benjamin Franklin (photocopy of one letter), Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Lavoisier, Gaspard Monge, Jacques Paulze, and the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres. Other documents relate to Benoist LaForte, the Ferme Générale, the Académie des Sciences, Mathurin-Jacques Brisson, Joseph Priestley, the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres, and other aspects of Lavoisier's life and work and those of his associates.Antoine Laurent Lavoisie (born 1743) and his wife, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Lavoisier (born 1758) were both French chemists. The Lavoisier manuscript collection (1766-1834) contains materials by, to or about Antoine and Marie, including material on their scientific work, correspondence, manuscripts, certificates, deeds, contracts, plates for publications, maps and drawings, memorabilia and artifacts.Lavoisier Manuscripts and Graphics Collection, #4712. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.Mode of access: Internet.After Antoine Laurent Lavoisier's death, his properties were consficated by the State. In 1795, after a campaign, Marie-Anne Lavoisier obtained the restoration of her property. In the same time, she published an edition of Lavoisier's works. In 1805, she married an American scientist, Benjamin Thomson, who had become Count Rumford in 1791.In 1789, Lavoisier failed to be elected at the Estates General, and steered clear of political affairs. He resigned from his office at the Ferme Générale shortly before its abolition in 1791, but was considered as an consultant in financial affairs and became the director of the Discount Bank, and a commissioner of the Public Treasury, and expressed many ideas about the reforms of French public finance and taxation. At the same time, he took part to the major reform of the unification of the weights and measures system. But, as a former Fermier Général and like his peers, among them his father-in-law, Jacques Paulze, he was arrested in 1794. They were accused of exactions and embezzlement and transferred to the Conciergerie. On the 19 floréal an II (May 8, 1794), they were all sentenced to death and executed.Simultaneously, from 1772, Lavoisier studied pneumatic chemistry, the chemistry of gases, borrowing experimental facts from English scientists, like Priestley. In 1773, he published the Opuscules physiques et chimiques , where he considered atmospheric air as a mixture, that established his reputation as a chemist. In the 1770's, he discovered that the components of air were mainly oxygen and nitrogen, and defined combustion and calcination as chemical reactions. Then, with Guyton de Morveau, Berthollet and Fourcroy he elaborated a new method of chemical nomenclature, giving chemistry a clear language, published in 1787 under the title of Méthode de nomenclature chimique . At least, in 1789, his Traité élémentaire de chimie explained the essential points of the new chemistry, like the composition of air and water and the law of the conservation of matter in chemical reactions, and depicted the experimental methods of a real scientific approach. The thirteen plates illustrating the work had been engraved by Marie-Anne LavoisierIn 1768, he was admitted to the Académie des Sciences, where he presented his research on the chemical analysis of water. The same year, he entered the Ferme Générale, a private company in charge of collecting indirect taxes for the king. Lavoisier became first an inspector of one of the Ferme Générale commissions, the Tobacco commission, where his supervisor was Jacques Paulze. On December 16, 1771, Lavoisier married his thirteen-year-old daughter, Marie-Anne-Pierrette Paulze, who was also the grandniece of the powerful Abbé Terray, the Controller General of Finance. In 1775, Lavoisier entered the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres, a private company responsible for the production, control and refining of saltpeter and the manufacture of gunpowder in France. As a Fermier Général and a member of the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres, Lavoisier became interested in economic theories, physiocratic ideas, agronomy, and public finance.Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born in Paris in 1743. He was the son of Jean Antoine Lavoisier, a lawyer, and Émilie Punctis, who belonged to a wealthy Parisian family, and died when he was two. Then he attended the Collège Mazarin where he studied classics and mathematics. In 1763, he passed the Bachelor of Law degree. At this time he got interested in mineralogy and chemistry and attended Rouelle's classes. In 1766-1767, he went on some field trips with Jean Etienne Guettard, to study the stratigraphy of soils and make an inventory of the mineralogical resources of France.The bulk of the collection came down through the Chazelles family and was subsequently acquired by Lavoisier bibliographer Denis Duveen. Duveen sold the collection after finishing the bibliography. The Cornell Library purchased the collection from dealer H.P. Kraus in 1963. Additional material was collected by Pierre Dejours, and subsequently the Library purchased the Dejours material from Librairie Hatchuel in 2006