A brief study of african political system: a case of state societies

In this paper, author shall be trying to look into the attributes of the tribes reflecting the characteristics of the state societies discussed in the book ‘African Political Systems’ by Fortes and Pritchard. There are five tribes that reflect the attributes of states societies, they are- the Zulu, the Ngwato, the Bemba, the Banyankole, and the Kede. Thus, in these tribes, we shall discuss in detail how there was presence of centralized authority, administrative machinery, and judicial institutions unlike in case of stateless societies that existed simultaneously in African political system that lacked centralized authority, administrative authority, and judicial institutions. Author will discuss only two detailed examples of the tribes regarded as the state societies; they are the- the Bemba and the Kede. The rationale behind choosing these two tribes were that Bemba as a tribe is slightly different from the other tribes as it reflects the characteristics of homogeneity of population unlike the other tribes of Group A. While, Kede, is a tribe that nearly represents a model of the state so it is important to discuss its characteristics in detail because these same characteristics of the Kede can be implied to the modern state societies also. It is an essential academic work which is book review oriented comparative analysis. It can be consider as a contribution to the existing knowledge of African study

The impact of male migration on rural families a case study of rural area in Jaffna

Male migration can play a key role in rural due to their family development at household level in rural area in Sri Lanka. The end of the three decade long civil war in Sri Lanka was declared in May 2009. During the war and its related processes resulted in significant levels of male migration and concerning the impact of high levels on rural community. Nevertheless, at present male migration from rural to outside of country is significantly an event of rural area in Sri Lanka. Given this social context, this study especially focuses on two major components such as male migration and rural families. Under these components, this research attempts to understand how various forms of male migration and their impact on families in a rural community by particularly focusing on the rural spaces. In this research, primary data were collected from a sample of 63 rural family’s respondents in the selected rural of Sri Lanka, Kaithady, Jaffna. The results of the study confirm a significant difference in the perceptions on male migration among rural families. The most influential socioeconomic factors affecting the male migration in rural are; age, education level, number of members in the family and gender role in rural area. The results of the study further reveal that the reasons for male migration from rural to outside of Sri Lanka were not only economic reason but it were related to some security reasons. Also, the male migrations give a social and economic mobility of the rural families in different scales

Lis Education in South India in the 21st Century: Opportunities and Challenges

We are living in the Information age. Information is the basic requirement for every human activity and it is important as food, air and water. Information is itself has no value, but its value lies in its communication and use. Librarianship is a people profession; a librarian's job is to connect people with the information they are seeking, whatever format that may take. In the digital age, when information is increasingly becoming available online, there is a propensity to say that libraries and librarians are redundant. This is not the case. The article assesses the status of formal library and information science (LIS) education provided in South India to meet the demand for library services in 21st century. Taking an example of four top universities LIS programs in South India (University of Madras, University of Mysore, Kerala university and Andhra University), this article makes some practical suggestions for LIS instructors to promote changes in LIS syllabus and curriculum. It is obvious from the analysis that the curricula of Andhra university (M.L.I.Sc.) is outstanding with optimum balance on the new roles of LIS professional in the merging service-oriented and user centered library environment while compared with University of Madras. The article recommends to establish a national accreditation body for LIS education to monitor the quality and standard in LIS courses; to develop e-learning packages to facilitate self learning; to outsource the teaching faculties from IT and ICT industries; to include more of the technology oriented practical components as well as scope to develop soft skill and professional ethics in the syllabus; uniformity in LIS curriculum throughout the country.

Evaluating the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands using natural zeolite (escott)

The objective of the present study was to assess the simultaneous removal of physiochemical parameters in moderate strength wastewater using a lab scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HFCW) with natural zeolite as a substrate. In this study, high-density polyethylene tanks (0.36 m2) were planted with phragmites australis and scirpus maritimus and received 0.012 m3/d to 0.08 m3/d of synthetic wastewater corresponding to a HLR of 0.035 to 0.243 m/d and a COD loading rate of 0.0148 kg COD (m2.d)-1 to 0.026 kg COD (m2.d)-1. The HFCW was subjected to three hydraulic retention times (HRT) for 4, 3 and 2 days respectively. Averaged data reported coincided with the plant age (4 to 55 weeks) and covered the entire cold season and early part of the hot season. Based on the 55 weeks of operation, the HFCW unit with zeolite achieved significantly higher removal for COD (85 to 88%), TN (54 to 96%), NH4-N (50 to 99%) and TSS (91 to 96%) respectively at all HRT. This system was proved to be tolerant to high organic loadings and nutrients, suggesting these substrates as viable options for biological treatment of wastewater

An Abelian two-Higgs model of strongly correlated electrons: phase structure, strengthening of phase transition and QCD at finite density

We investigate non-perturbative features of a three-dimensional Abelian Higgs model with singly- and doubly-charged scalar fields coupled to a single compact Abelian gauge field. The model is pretending to describe various planar systems of strongly correlated electrons such as high-Tc superconductivity in the overdoped regime and exotic materials possessing excitations with fractionalized quantum numbers. The complicated phase structure of the model is studied thoroughly using numerical tools and analytical arguments. In the three-dimensional space of coupling parameters we identify the Fermi liquid, the spin gap, the superconductor and the strange metallic phases. The behavior of three kinds of topological defects -- holon and spinon vortices and monopoles - is explored in various phases. We also observe a new effect, the strong enhancement of the phase transition strength reflected in a lower order of the transition: at sufficiently strong gauge coupling the two second order phase transitions -- corresponding to spinon-pair and holon condensation lines - join partially in the phase diagram and become a first order phase transition in that region. The last observation may have an analogue in Quantum Chromodynamics at non-zero temperature and finite baryon density. We argue that at sufficiently large baryon density the finite-temperature transition between the (3-flavor paired) color superconducting phase and the quark-gluon plasma phases should be much stronger compared with the transition between 2-flavor paired and 3-flavor paired superconducting phases.Comment: 21 pages, 40 figures, RevTeX 4.

Conductance through a Magnetic Domain Wall in Double Exchange System

The conductance through a magnetic domain wall is calculated for the double exchange system as a function of energy and the width of the domain wall. It is shown that when the carrier density is low enough, the blockade is almost complete even for the smoothly varying spin configuration, i.e., large width of the domain wall. This result is applied to the manganese oxides.Comment: 3 pages, LaTex, 1 Postscript figur

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES CLADOPHORA SOCIALIS GREEN ALGAE OF SEAWEEDS COLLECTED FROM RAMESWARAM IN INDIA

Objective: Cladophora Socialis (CS) green algae are one of the most common seaweed water filamentous green algae reported to three different extracts (Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Acetone) have antioxidant activities. Methods: The evaluation of antioxidant properties was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis 3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging assay (NO), reducing power, hydroxyl, superoxide radical scavenging (SOD), hydrogen peroxide radical assay, the metal chelating activity as well as phosphomolypdenum assay. Results: Among the tested CS, the maximum antioxidant activity was recorded in the extract of CS. Whereas Acetone extract of green algae showed good antioxidant potential. Conclusion: This study suggests that green algae Acetone extracts contain different potential antioxidant compounds capable to scavenge different types of free radicals