Differences in prefrontal cortex activation and deactivation during strategic episodic verbal memory encoding in mild cognitive impairment

In this study we examined differences in fMRI activation and deactivation patterns during episodic verbal memory encoding between individuals with MCI (n = 18) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 17). Participants were scanned in two different sessions during the application of self-initiated or directed instructions to apply semantic strategies at encoding of word lists. MCI participants showed reduced free recall scores when using self-initiated encoding strategies that were increased to baseline controls\u27 level after directed instructions were provided. During directed strategic encoding, greater recruitment of frontoparietal regions was observed in both MCI and control groups; group differences between sessions were observed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the right superior frontal gyrus. This study provides evidence suggesting that differences of activity in these regions may be related to encoding deficits in MCI, possibly mediating executive functions during task performance

Reproduction of Meloidogyne morocciensis (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in weeds found in Brazil

Abstract Weeds can be hosts of root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. The importance of the species Meloidogyne morocciensis parasitizing many crops is recognized, but their reproductive capacity in weeds is not known. The present study hypothesizes the ability of M. morocciensis to parasitize and reproduce in different weed species found in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the reproduction of M. morocciensis in 36 weed species. The plants were individually inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles and kept in greenhouse for 60 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with twelve replications. The root system of each plant was evaluated for gall index (GI), final nematode population (PF), number of nematode/g of root (NNGR) and reproduction factor (RF). It was verified that M. morocciensis has the capacity to parasite 36 weed species belonging to 16 different botanical families, confirming the hypothesis proposed. From the 36 species evaluated, 77.8% (28) were susceptible (FR ≥ 1.0) to M. morocciensis. The present study is the first to identify different weeds as hosts of M. morocciensis, evidencing its polyphagous habit, indicating species of plants with high capacity to multiply this nematode and that need more attention during the integrated management of these pathogen

Efeito de propágulos e fitorregulador na estaquia de amoreira (Morus nigra L.).

Originária da China, a amoreira-preta (Morus nigra L.) pertence à família Moraceae, sendo uma planta perene de médio porte (8-12m), apresentando folhas caducas, dentadas e sem espinhos. Sua flor é pequena e· de coloração branca amarelada, sendo o fruto um aquênio de coloração roxa, quase preta (DONADIO, 2007). A amoreira-preta é uma espécie rústica, adaptando-se a diversos tipos de solo, exceto os sujeitos a encharcamento

From the Laboratory to the Classroom: The Potential of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Educational Neuroscience

Paralleling two decades of growth in the emergent field known as educational neuroscience is an increasing concern that educational practices and programs should be evidence-based, however, the idea that neuroscience could potentially influence education is controversial. One of the criticisms, regarding applications of the findings produced in this discipline, concerns the artificiality of neuroscientific experiments and the oversimplified nature of the tests used to investigate cognitive processes in educational contexts. The simulations may not account for all of the variables present in real classroom activities. In this study, we aim to get a step closer to the formation of data-supported classroom methodologies by employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy in various experimental paradigms. First, we present two hyperscanning scenarios designed to explore realistic interdisciplinary contexts, i.e., the classroom. In a third paradigm, we present a case study of a single student evaluated with functional near-infrared spectroscopy and mobile eye-tracking glasses. These three experiments are performed to provide proofs of concept for the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in scenarios that more closely resemble authentic classroom routines and daily activities. The goal of our study is to explore the potential of this technique in hopes that it offers insights in experimental design to investigate teaching-learning processes during teacher-student interactions

Eficiência de fungicidas para o controle da mancha-alvo, Corynespora cassiicola, na safra 2012/13: resultados sumarizados dos ensaios cooperativos.

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Eficiência de fungicidas para controle da ferrugem asiática da soja, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, na safra 2006/07. Resultados sumarizados dos ensaios em rede.

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Eficiência de fungicidas para o controle da ferrugem-asiática da soja, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, na safra 2010/11: resultados sumarizados dos ensaios cooperativos.

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Eficiência de fungicidas para o controle da ferrugem-asiática da soja, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, na safra 2011/12: resultados sumarizados dos ensaios cooperativos.

Material e método: Tabela 1 - Instituições, locais, cultivares, datas da semeadura da soja, presença (1) ou ausência (0) de sintomas de ferrugem na primeira aplicação de fungicida (incidência - INC). Tabela 2 - Ingrediente ativo (i.a.), produto comercial (p.c.) e dose dos fungicidas nos tratamentos para o controle da ferrugem-asiática da soja, safra 2011/12. Resultados e discussões: Figura 1 - Box plot da porcentagem de controle da ferrugem, para os diferentes tratamentos com fungicidas, em relação à média da severidade da testemunha sem controle (T1). Figura 2 - Box plot da porcentagem de redução da produtividade, para os diferentes tratamentos com fungicidas, em relação à média da produtividade do melhor tratamento. Tabela 3: Severidade da ferruge, porcentagem de controle em relação à testemunha sem tratamento, produtividade (Kg ha-1) e porcentagem de redução de produtividade (RP) em relação ao tratamento com a maior produtividade, para os diferentes tratamentos. Média de 11 ensaios para severidade e de 15 ensaios para produtividade. Rede de ensaios cooperativos, safra 2011/12.bitstream/item/61841/1/CT93.2012.pd