MODEL OF CHOICES, INSTITUTIONS AND DIRECT DEMOCRACY QUASI-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE INFLUENCE OF UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

Research in recent decades has shown that an analysis of underground economy from the limiting perspective of economic factors of influence is insufficient. Through an integrative approach it is opened the way to a multidisciplinary and multi causal understanding of all factors (economic, noneconomic, quasi economic) that influence the phenomenon of underground economy. The present work pleads for the analysis of the concept underground economy (multidimensional and composite) through the instruments of study: the choices, institutions and direct democracy. The model of choices express the decision of labor force to activate on the official labor market or to the illegal labor market in the context given by opportunities, preferences and constraints. Institutions defines the capacity of regulation  and implementation of government policies with implications in stimulating or discouraging economic subjects to hide activities in the sphere of underground economy. Direct democracy through its institutions (referendums, legislative initiatives) provides the political framework for the active involvement of the taxpayer as a voter or elector to a healthy and sustainable economic development. The results of active involvement of citizens consist in a more effective implementation of strategies and tax policies and a reduction of  incentives to escape in the sphere of economic informality.

CURRENT SITUATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN ROMANIAN PRE-UNIVERSITY EUCATION CONTEXT OF E.U. INTEGRATION

The paper aims to present development of human resource in the process of accession to the European Union took into account the standards proposed by the European Union, as formulated at the level of principles and objectives, the Single European Act and the Treaty on European Union, including the Treaty Amsterdam, then the sequence of documents developed by the European Commission. It is expected that documents the evolution of education and training in the European Union around concepts such as: further education, knowledge society, knowledge - skills - competitiveness, globalization, discrimination and inequality etc. Around this concept formulated a strategy for workforce training to meet European standards and to escape from captivity regional. But this process of convergent evolution of the labor force for the European market has gone from multiple realities. One of these areas, with its own legacy in terms of human resources and how to perceive its specific educational objectives proposed by Europe was Romania. Knowing one of the toughest centralized systems, the labor market was absorbing all graduates of vocational education, high school and university, after 1989, Romania was confronted with a massive disturbance of the labor market. This dimension has been linked to a certain inadequacies supply training system Romanian, which itself on the one hand, a transformation natural caused by seclusion has been maintained for several years, on the other hand, in a process of adaptation to European standards

SOCIAL ECONOMY AND INFORMAL ECONOMY. INTERACTIONS AND EFFECTS

Both social economy and informal economy define complex economic phenomena, multifaceted, which generated multiple platform debate and analysis among economists, sociologists and lawyers. Perspectives on these concepts are the most diverse and present work attempts to link these views to find common denominators, but also the elements that differentiate them. Official social economy interacts with the informal economy through the initial use of capital and generating links between different forms of capital. Underground economy is based more on use of illicit and immoral capital, while the development of a formal social require networks of trust, reciprocal links with other groups and institutions, social and economic relations that are based on values and norms recognized by society. The interplay of social economy - informal economy is manifested either through a transition from the sphere of the informal (unofficial) to formal (official) or by maintaining and emphasizing underground activities as a result of using illegal or informal social networks and social capital already existing. From the perspective of this study, social economy-binomial informal economy should be seen as: a) mediating factor between the official and unofficial; b) factor of influence to ensure a legal and institutional framework apt to limit and discourage underground activities; c) factor of transition from the informal economy to the social economy

ECONOMIC FREEDOM - A VECTOR OF TRANSITION FROM THE INFORMAL TO THE FORMAL ECONOMY

This study aims to show that concerted action by the state and civil society can lead to an effective output of informality sphere by official or legal sphere. Such an action is represented by the vector concept named economic freedom. The resultant vector - economic freedom - is obtained by conjugating and composing of noneconomic factors (ownership freedom, freedom from corruption etc.) or cvasieconomic (fiscal freedom, labor freedom, investment freedom, etc.) and it is a prerequisite to a series of actions which are aimed at progressing progress and a healthy economy. If we cannot eradicate the phenomenon of informality, at least we can create a transition from the informal to the formal more efficiently and with positive effects in social and economic policy. The exit from the sphere of informality involves transitions strategies and not a simple translation from one sector to another

THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE TRIAD ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY

Abstract:Underground economy, in view of researchers, economists and jurists, is a theoretical complex construct, aphenomenon with profound social and economic reverberations. This study argues multidisciplinary integrative thesociological, psychological and socio-psychological approach of underground economy. The premises of this study aregiven by methodological individualism and rational choice theory through building in neoclassical version of Homoeconomicus able to interact in a multidisciplinary and multifaceted manner with the area of social sciences. For thenonce, we submit to analysis an integrative model of Homo Oeconimicus with Homo Sociologicus, aggregated withelements of social psychology. Synergistic effects of this integrative approach consist of the ability to give an answer asrelevant on symptoms and forms of deviant behavior and thus to explain the development of underground economy. Thefinality of this paper, starting from the stated premises, resides in the explanation and analysis of deviant behavior inthe framework of the morphology and causality of underground economy. Deviant behavior in the context of ouranalysis reveals the coherence perspective on the following issues: anatomy and etiology of underground economy(informal and underground activities, illegal labor, tax fraud, etc.); attitude towards rules, society and the state (taxmentality, tax morality, moral conscience); tax compliance or non-compliance (willingness to pay tax liabilities). Thispaper is intended to constitute a pleading for an interdependent approach, multi-causal and interdisciplinary ofunderground economy

THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE TRIAD ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY

Underground economy, in view of researchers, economists and jurists, is a theoretical complex construct, a phenomenon with profound social and economic reverberations. This study argues multidisciplinary integrative the sociological, psychological and socio-psychological approach of underground economy. The premises of this study are given by methodological individualism and rational choice theory through building in neoclassical version of Homo economicus able to interact in a multidisciplinary and multifaceted manner with the area of social sciences. For the nonce, we submit to analysis an integrative model of Homo Oeconimicus with Homo Sociologicus, aggregated with elements of social psychology. Synergistic effects of this integrative approach consist of the ability to give an answer as relevant on symptoms and forms of deviant behavior and thus to explain the development of underground economy. The finality of this paper, starting from the stated premises, resides in the explanation and analysis of deviant behavior in the framework of the morphology and causality of underground economy. Deviant behavior in the context of our analysis reveals the coherence perspective on the following issues: anatomy and etiology of underground economy (informal and underground activities, illegal labor, tax fraud, etc.); attitude towards rules, society and the state (tax mentality, tax morality, moral conscience); tax compliance or non-compliance (willingness to pay tax liabilities). This paper is intended to constitute a pleading for an interdependent approach, multi-causal and interdisciplinary of underground econom

THE GENERATING AND COMPLEMENTARY EFFECTS OF THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY PHENOMENON

For a comprehensive understanding of the informal sector, an analysis addressing the relationships and links between the morphology and etiology of the underground economy, on the one hand, and its effects on the economic, social or legal, on the other hand is required. The double identity, that of cause phenomenon and effect phenomenon, that the underground economy has, gives it a special status in explaining certain phenomena which vitiates the economic and social life. The generating and complementary effects of the underground area covered in this study are analyzed in terms of the following vectors of analysis: tax evasion, illegal work and money laundering. Tax evasion represents the central core of the underground economy and faithfully expresses the fiscal monetary policies ,the fiscal mortality and the degree of compliance of the taxpayer. Undeclared work is an indicator of the labor market in the informal economy and is a good barometer for analyzing the demand and supply of labor in the visible economy. Money laundering defines the level of economic and financial crime and reflects the level of illegal use of capital on the black market. Tax evasion, money laundering and illegal work can only develop on a framework provided by illicit markets for goods, services and labor. Beyond the, unidirectional or bidirectional relationships between phenomena, the paper consists in a plea for an interdependent, multi-causal analysis of the phenomena and operating mechanisms of the relationships within and outside the underground economy