FAULT DETECTION AND CONTROLLING OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER USING ANN

Fault Detection and controlling is important in many industries to provide safe operation of a process. Heat Exchangers are generally used in process industries. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger  is a common type of heat exchanger used in oil refineries, chemical processes .It is suited for higher-pressure applications. Actuator faults, sensor faults and process faults are the common faults occurring in chemical processes. To identify and remove these type of faults in the system fault detection and controlling techniques are proposed.  In this present work Sensor and Process faults of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is detected and controlled using Artificial Neural Network(ANN).NARX network (Nonlinear Auto regressive with External input) is used as ANN network structure. Network is trained using Levenberg Marquardt and Bayesian Regularization algorithms. The performance parameters such as Mean Square Error, Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) and Integral Square Error (ISE) are obtained for the above said methods which are shown in simulation results. Tabulated results shows the comparison between the three algorithms. Simulation results also shows the comparison between the controlled response obtained from ANN with and without PID Controller.Â

Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: A greenhouse trial.

An in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of indigenous plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with commonly used inorganic and organic sources of fertilizers in tea plantations. The nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash fertilizers used for this study were urea, rock phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. The organic sources of fertilizers neem cake, composted coir pith and vermicompost were also used. PGPRs such as nitrogen fixer; Azospirillum lipoferum, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB); Pseudomonas putida, Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB); Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas putida were used for compatibility study. Results were indicated that PGPRs preferred the coir pith and they proved their higher colony establishment in the formulation except Azospirillum spp. that preferred vermicompost for their establishment. The optimum dose of neem cake powder

Application of real time polymerase chain reaction targeting kex 1 gene & its comparison with the conventional methods for rapid detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in clinical specimens

Background & objectives: As there are no standard laboratory techniques for the rapid detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in India, this study was undertaken to evaluate and establish an optimal and rapid technique for the detection of P. jirovecii by comparing three different techniques - staining technique, application of a real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting kex 1 gene and application of nested PCR targeting mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) gene for rapid detection of P. jirovecii in HIV positive patients. Methods: One hundred and fifty sputum specimens from HIV positive (n = 75) and HIV negative (n = 75) patients were subjected to three different techniques -KOH/Calcoflour and Grocott methanamine silver staining (GMS), RT-PCR targeting kex1 gene, PCR targeting mtLSU region followed by DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis. Results: Among the 75 HIV positive patients, P. jirovecii was detected in 19 (25.33%) patients by the staining techniques, and in 23 (30.65%) patients each by PCR targeting mtLSU region and by RT- PCR targeting kex1 gene of P. jirovecii. PCR based DNA sequencing targeting mtLSU region revealed 97-100 per cent sequence homology with P. jirovecii sequences in GenBank. Interpretation & conclusions: Of the three techniques for detection of P. jirovecii evaluated in this study, false negativity was found to be more in staining technique and it also required high technical expertise to interpret the result. Both nested PCR and RT-PCR were reliable and equally sensitive, in rapid detection of P. jirovecii, but RT-PCR technique also generated the copy numbers for knowing the severity of infection