941 research outputs found
The Fate of Oil in the Water Column Following Experimental Oil Spills in the Arctic Marine Nearshore
Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column were monitored after a release of crude oil onto the water surface and a subsurface release of chemically dispersed oil. During the surface release, petroleum hydrocarbons did not disperse into the water column deeper than 1 m. The highest concentrations observed under the slick were less than 2 mg/l. The chemically dispersed oil released resulted in concentrations over 50 mg/l in the Bay 9 study area for 12 hours. Estimated exposures of the benthic communities to oil in the three experimental bays were 3 mg/l/h, 30 mg/l/h, and 300 mg/l/h respectively. The highest exposures were to oil retaining many of its more toxic components.Key words: dispersant, oil, fluorometry, gas chromatography, oil spillMots clés: agent de dispersion, fluorométrie, chromatographie en phase gazeuse, déversement de pétrol
Tests of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law
We review recent experimental tests of the gravitational inverse-square law
and the wide variety of theoretical considerations that suggest the law may
break down in experimentally accessible regions.Comment: 81 pages, 10 figures, submitted by permission of the Annual Review of
Nuclear and Particle Science. Final version of this material is scheduled to
appear in the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Vol. 53, to be
published in December 2003 by Annual Reviews, http://AnnualReviews.or
Tadpole Analysis of Orientifolded Plane-Waves
We study orientifolds of type IIB string theory in the plane-wave background
supported by null RR 3-form flux F^{(3)}. We describe how to extract the RR
tadpoles in the Green-Schwarz formalism in a general setting. Two models with
orientifold groups {1, \Omega} and {1,\Omega I_4}, which are T-dual to each
other, are considered. Consistency of these backgrounds requires 32 D9 branes
for the first model and 32 D5 branes for the second one. We study the spectra
and comment on the heterotic duals of our models.Comment: 22+1 pages, 3 figures References added, minor typos correcte
Annihilation range and final-state interaction in the antiproton-proton annihilation into pi-pi+
The large set of accurate data on differential cross section and analyzing
power from the CERN LEAR experiment on in the range
from 360 to 1550 MeV/c is well reproduced within a distorted wave approximation
approach. The initial scattering wave functions originate from a
recent model. The transition operator is obtained from a combination
of the and quark-antiquark annihilation mechanisms. A good fit
to the data, in particular the reproduction of the double dip structure
observed in the analyzing powers, requires quark wave functions for proton,
antiproton, and pions with radii slightly larger than the respective measured
charge radii. This corresponds to an increase in range of the annihilation
mechanisms and consequently the amplitudes for total angular momentum J=2 and
higher are much larger than in previous approaches. The final state
wave functions, parameterized in terms of phase shifts and
inelasticities, are also a very important ingredient for the fine tuning of the
fit to the observables.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures (Revtex 4), revised version with one additional
figure. Accepted for publication in PR
An Index for 4 dimensional Super Conformal Theories
We present a trace formula for an index over the spectrum of four dimensional
superconformal field theories on time. Our index receives
contributions from states invariant under at least one supercharge and captures
all information -- that may be obtained purely from group theory -- about
protected short representations in 4 dimensional superconformal field theories.
In the case of the theory our index is a function of four
continuous variables. We compute it at weak coupling using gauge theory and at
strong coupling by summing over the spectrum of free massless particles in
and find perfect agreement at large and small charges.
Our index does not reproduce the entropy of supersymmetric black holes in
, but this is not a contradiction, as it differs qualitatively from the
partition function over supersymmetric states of the theory. We
note that entropy for some small supersymmetric black holes may be
reproduced via a D-brane counting involving giant gravitons. For big black
holes we find a qualitative (but not exact) agreement with the naive counting
of BPS states in the free Yang Mills theory. In this paper we also evaluate and
study the partition function over the chiral ring in the Yang
Mills theory.Comment: harvmac 40+16 pages, v3: references and table of contents added,
typos fixe
Electromagnetic transitions of the helium atom in superstrong magnetic fields
We investigate the electromagnetic transition probabilities for the helium
atom embedded in a superstrong magnetic field taking into account the finite
nuclear mass. We address the regime \gamma=100-10000 a.u. studying several
excited states for each symmetry, i.e. for the magnetic quantum numbers
0,-1,-2,-3, positive and negative z parity and singlet and triplet symmetry.
The oscillator strengths as a function of the magnetic field, and in particular
the influence of the finite nuclear mass on the oscillator strengths are shown
and analyzed.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Gauge Theory and the Excision of Repulson Singularities
We study brane configurations that give rise to large-N gauge theories with
eight supersymmetries and no hypermultiplets. These configurations include a
variety of wrapped, fractional, and stretched branes or strings. The
corresponding spacetime geometries which we study have a distinct kind of
singularity known as a repulson. We find that this singularity is removed by a
distinctive mechanism, leaving a smooth geometry with a core having an enhanced
gauge symmetry. The spacetime geometry can be related to large-N Seiberg-Witten
theory.Comment: 31 pages LaTeX, 2 figures (v3: references added
Dynamic Evolution Model of Isothermal Voids and Shocks
We explore self-similar hydrodynamic evolution of central voids embedded in
an isothermal gas of spherical symmetry under the self-gravity. More
specifically, we study voids expanding at constant radial speeds in an
isothermal gas and construct all types of possible void solutions without or
with shocks in surrounding envelopes. We examine properties of void boundaries
and outer envelopes. Voids without shocks are all bounded by overdense shells
and either inflows or outflows in the outer envelope may occur. These
solutions, referred to as type void solutions, are further
divided into subtypes and
according to their characteristic behaviours across the sonic critical line
(SCL). Void solutions with shocks in envelopes are referred to as type
voids and can have both dense and quasi-smooth edges.
Asymptotically, outflows, breezes, inflows, accretions and static outer
envelopes may all surround such type voids. Both cases of
constant and varying temperatures across isothermal shock fronts are analyzed;
they are referred to as types and
void shock solutions. We apply the `phase net matching procedure' to construct
various self-similar void solutions. We also present analysis on void
generation mechanisms and describe several astrophysical applications. By
including self-gravity, gas pressure and shocks, our isothermal self-similar
void (ISSV) model is adaptable to various astrophysical systems such as
planetary nebulae, hot bubbles and superbubbles in the interstellar medium as
well as supernova remnants.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figuers, accepted by ApS
A Quantitative Model of Energy Release and Heating by Time-dependent, Localized Reconnection in a Flare with a Thermal Loop-top X-ray Source
We present a quantitative model of the magnetic energy stored and then
released through magnetic reconnection for a flare on 26 Feb 2004. This flare,
well observed by RHESSI and TRACE, shows evidence of non-thermal electrons only
for a brief, early phase. Throughout the main period of energy release there is
a super-hot (T>30 MK) plasma emitting thermal bremsstrahlung atop the flare
loops. Our model describes the heating and compression of such a source by
localized, transient magnetic reconnection. It is a three-dimensional
generalization of the Petschek model whereby Alfven-speed retraction following
reconnection drives supersonic inflows parallel to the field lines, which form
shocks heating, compressing, and confining a loop-top plasma plug. The
confining inflows provide longer life than a freely-expanding or
conductively-cooling plasma of similar size and temperature. Superposition of
successive transient episodes of localized reconnection across a current sheet
produces an apparently persistent, localized source of high-temperature
emission. The temperature of the source decreases smoothly on a time scale
consistent with observations, far longer than the cooling time of a single
plug. Built from a disordered collection of small plugs, the source need not
have the coherent jet-like structure predicted by steady-state reconnection
models. This new model predicts temperatures and emission measure consistent
with the observations of 26 Feb 2004. Furthermore, the total energy released by
the flare is found to be roughly consistent with that predicted by the model.
Only a small fraction of the energy released appears in the super-hot source at
any one time, but roughly a quarter of the flare energy is thermalized by the
reconnection shocks over the course of the flare. All energy is presumed to
ultimately appear in the lower-temperature T<20 MK, post-flare loops
Interacting entropy-corrected new agegraphic dark energy in Brans-Dicke cosmology
Motivated by a recent work of one of us [1], we extend it by using quantum
(or entropy) corrected new agegraphic dark energy in the Brans-Dicke cosmology.
The correction terms are motivated from the loop quantum gravity which is one
of the competitive theories of quantum gravity. Taking the non-flat background
spacetime along with the conformal age of the universe as the length scale, we
derive the dynamical equation of state of dark energy and the deceleration
parameter. An important consequence of this study is the phantom divide
scenario with entropy-corrected new agegraphic dark energy. Moreover, we assume
a system of dark matter, radiation and dark energy, while the later interacts
only with dark matter. We obtain some essential expressions related with dark
energy dynamics. The cosmic coincidence problem is also resolved in our model.Comment: 16 pages, no figure, accepted for publication in Gen. Relativ. Gra
- …