84 research outputs found
Stimulus responsive graphene scaffolds for tissue engineering
Tissue engineering (TE) is an emerging area that aims to repair damaged tissues and organs by combining different scaffold materials with living cells. Recently, scientists started to engineer a new generation of nanocomposite scaffolds able to mimic biochemical and biophysical mechanisms to modulate the cellular responses promoting the restoration of tissue structure or function. Due to its unique electrical, topographical and chemical properties, graphene is a material that holds a great potential for TE, being already considered as one of the best candidates for accelerating and guiding stem cell differentiations. Although this is a promising field there are still some challenges to overcome, such as the efficient control of the differentiation of the stem cells, especially in graphene-based microenvironments. Hence, this chapter will review the existing research related to the ability of graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) to induce stem cell differentiation into diverse lineages when under the influence of electrical, mechanical, optical and topographic stimulations
PEMF, Direct Current and Nedronal Regeneration: Effect of Field Geometry and Current Density
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Update on Modeling for Effective Diesel Engine Aftertreatment Implementation - Master Plan, Status and Critical Needs
An integrated diesel engine-aftertreatment-vehicle system is extremely complex with numerous interacting variables and an unlimited number of control options. An experimental approach to develop an optimized viable system is tedious, if at all possible. Sophisticated component, subsystem and integrated simulation tools offer an excellent option of a virtual lab approach to the development of such a complex system. A viable and robust diesel engine aftertreatment system can thus be developed within optimum time and resources when this virtual simulation is integrated with selective hardware-based testing
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ANALYTICAL TOOL DEVELOPMENT FOR AFTERTREATMENT SUB-SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
The stringent emissions standards of 2007 and beyond require complex engine, aftertreatment and vehicle systems with a high degree of sub-system interaction and flexible control solutions. This necessitates a system-based approach to technology development, in addition to individual sub-system optimization. Analytical tools can provide an effective means to evaluate and develop such complex technology interactions as well as understand phenomena that is either too expensive or impossible to study with conventional experimental means. The analytical effort can also guide experimental development and thus lead to efficient utilization of available experimental resources.A suite of analytical models has been developed to represent PM and NOx aftertreatment sub-systems. These models range from computationally inexpensive zero-dimensional models for real-time control applications to CFD-based, multi-dimensional models with detailed temporal and spatial resolution. Such models in conjunction with well established engine modeling tools such as engine cycle simulation, engine controls modeling, CFD models of non-combusting and combusting flow, and vehicle models provide a comprehensive analytical toolbox for complete engine, aftertreatment and vehicle sub-systems development and system integration applications. However, the fidelity of aftertreatment models and application going forward is limited by the lack of fundamental kinetic data
Effects of Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields on Nerve Regeneration: Correlation of Electrophysiologic and Histochemical Parameters
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