283 research outputs found
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Electrochemically induced reconstruction of the Au(001) surface: An x-ray scattering study
In-situ x-ray specular reflectivity and glancing incident angle x-ray diffraction measurements have been performed in the Au(001) surface in two solutions under potential control in an electrochemical cell. In both the 0.01 M HCl0{sub 4} and 0.01 M KBr solutions a ``(5 {times} 20)`` reconstruction is formed at sufficient negative potentials. The reconstruction is similar to that obtained for the clean surface in vacuum
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Temperature Dependence of the Structure of Langmuir Films of Normal-Alkanes on Liquid Mercury
The temperature dependent phase behavior of Langmuir films of n-alkanes [CH3(CH2)n−2CH3, denote Cn] on mercury was studied for chain lengths 19 ⩽ n ⩽ 22 and temperatures 15 ⩽ T ⩽ 44 °C, using surface tensiometry and surface x-ray diffraction methods. In contrast with Langmuir films on water, where molecules invariably orient roughly surface normal, alkanes on mercury are always oriented surface parallel and show no long-range in-plane order at any surface pressure. A gas and several condensed phases of single, double, and triple layers of lying-down molecules are found, depending on n and T. At high coverages, the alkanes studied here show transitions from a triple to a double to a single layer with increasing temperature. The transition temperature from a double to a single layer is found to be ∼ 5 °C, lower than the bulk rotator-to-liquid melting temperature, while the transition from a triple to a double layer is about as much below the double-to-single layer transition. Both monolayer and bulk transition temperatures show a linear increase with n with identical slopes of ∼ 4.5 °C/CH2 within the range of n values addressed here. It is suggested that the film and bulk transitions are both driven by a common cause: the proliferation of gauche defects in the chain with increasing temperature.Engineering and Applied Science
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Competition between Surface Layering and Surface Phase Formation in Dilute Liquid Hg−Au Alloys
We present temperature-dependent X-ray reflectivity measurements of liquid Hg alloyed with 0.06−0.20 atom % Au. At low Au concentrations, we find temperature-dependent surface-induced layering similar to that observed in pure Hg, except that the presence of Au reduces the layering amplitude. Upon approaching the solubility limit of Au in Hg, a new surface phase forms which is 1−2 atomic diameters thick and has a density of about half that of bulk Hg. We present a surface phase diagram, summarizing the evolution of this unexpected surface structure upon varying composition and temperature. Such surface modifications may account for the variations observed in catalytic and electrochemical reactions at liquid metal surfaces upon alloying.Engineering and Applied Science
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Langmuir Films of Normal-Alkanes on the Surface of Liquid Mercury
The coverage dependent phase behavior of molecular films of n-alkanes (, denote Cn) on mercury was studied for lengths 10 n 50, using surface tensiometry and surface x-ray diffraction methods. In contrast with Langmuir films on water, where roughly surface-normal molecular orientation is invariably found, alkanes on mercury are always oriented surface-parallel, and show no long-range in-plane order at any surface pressure. At a low coverage a two-dimensional gas phase is found, followed, upon increasing the coverage, by a single condensed layer (n 18), a sequence of single and double layers (19 n 20; n 26), or a sequence of single, double, and triple layers (22 n 24). The thermodynamical and structural properties of these layers, as determined from the measurements, are discussed.Engineering and Applied Science
Surface Induced Order in Liquid Metals and Binary Alloys
Measurements of the surface x-ray scattering from several pure liquid metals
(Hg, Ga, and In) and from three alloys (Ga-Bi, Bi-In, and K-Na) with different
heteroatomic chemical interactions in the bulk phase are reviewed.
Surface-induced layering is found for each elemental liquid metal. The surface
structure of the K-Na alloy resembles that of an elemental liquid metal. Bi-In
displays pair formation at the surface. Surface segregation and a wetting film
are found for Ga-Bi.Comment: 10 pages, 3 fig, published in Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte
Dynamics of 8CB confined into porous silicon probed by incoherent neutron backscattering experiments
Confinement in the nanochannels of porous silicon strongly affects the phase
behavior of the archetype liquid-crystal 4-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (8CB). A
very striking phenom- enon is the development of a short-range smectic order,
which occurs on a very broad temperature range. It suggests in this case that
quenched disorder effects add to usual finite size and surface interaction
effects. We have monitored the temperature variation of the molecular dynamics
of the confined fluid by incoherent quasielastic neutron scat- tering. A
strongly reduced mobility is observed at the highest temperatures in the liquid
phase, which suggests that the interfacial molecular dynamics is strongly
hindered. A continuously increasing slowdown appears on cooling together with a
progressive growth of the static correlation lengt
Rapid and reliable assessment of methane impacts on climate
It is clear that the most effective way to limit global
temperature rise and associated impacts is to reduce human emissions of
greenhouse gases, including methane. However, quantification of the climate
benefits of mitigation options are complicated by the contrast in the
timescales at which short-lived climate pollutants, such as methane, persist
in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide. Whereas simple metrics fail
to capture the differential impacts across all timescales, sophisticated
climate models that can address these temporal dynamics are often
inaccessible, time-intensive, require special infrastructure, and include
high unforced interannual variability that makes it difficult to analyse
small changes in forcings. On the other hand, reduced-complexity climate
models that use basic knowledge from observations and complex Earth system
models offer an ideal compromise in that they provide quick, reliable
insights into climate responses, with only limited computational
infrastructure needed. They are particularly useful for simulating the
response to forcings of small changes in different climate pollutants, due to
the absence of internal variability. In this paper, we build on previous
evaluations of the freely available and easy-to-run reduced-complexity
climate model MAGICC by comparing temperature responses to historical methane
emissions to those from a more complex coupled global chemistry–climate
model, GFDL-CM3. While we find that the overall forcings and temperature
responses are comparable between the two models, the prominent role of
unforced variability in CM3 demonstrates how sophisticated models are
potentially inappropriate tools for small forcing scenarios. On the other
hand, we find that MAGICC can easily and rapidly provide robust data on
climate responses to changes in methane emissions with clear signals
unfettered by variability. We are therefore able to build confidence in using
reduced-complexity climate models such as MAGICC for purposes of
understanding the climate implications of methane mitigation.</p
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Wetting Behavior at the Free Surface of a Liquid Gallium–Bismuth Alloy: An X-ray Reflectivity Study Close to the Bulk Monotectic Point
We present X-ray reflectivity measurements from the free surface of a liquid gallium–bismuth alloy (Ga–Bi) in the temperature range close to the bulk monotectic temperature =222C. Our measurements indicate a continuous formation of a thick wetting film at the free surface of the binary system driven by the first order transition in the bulk at the monotectic point. We show that the behavior observed is that of a complete wetting at a tetra point of solid–liquid–liquid–vapor coexistence.Engineering and Applied Science
Surface layering of liquids: The role of surface tension
Recent measurements show that the free surfaces of liquid metals and alloys
are always layered, regardless of composition and surface tension; a result
supported by three decades of simulations and theory. Recent theoretical work
claims, however, that at low enough temperatures the free surfaces of all
liquids should become layered, unless preempted by bulk freezing. Using x-ray
reflectivity and diffuse scattering measurements we show that there is no
observable surface-induced layering in water at T=298 K, thus highlighting a
fundamental difference between dielectric and metallic liquids. The
implications of this result for the question in the title are discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. B. 69 (2004
Atomic-scale surface demixing in a eutectic liquid BiSn alloy
Resonant x-ray reflectivity of the surface of the liquid phase of the
BiSn eutectic alloy reveals atomic-scale demixing extending over
three near-surface atomic layers. Due to the absence of underlying atomic
lattice which typically defines adsorption in crystalline alloys, studies of
adsorption in liquid alloys provide unique insight on interatomic interactions
at the surface. The observed composition modulation could be accounted for
quantitatively by the Defay-Prigogine and Strohl-King multilayer extensions of
the single-layer Gibbs model, revealing a near-surface domination of the
attractive Bi-Sn interaction over the entropy.Comment: 4 pages (two-column), 3 figures, 1 table; Added a figure, updated
references, discussion; accepted at Phys. Rev. Let
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