Summary of 1974 Phosphorus and sulphur group

Stocking x Super Rate - Merredin - 66M30. Twitcham - 62MB9. Kojonup - 68BR7. Maintenance P x S Trials - I. Residual Value - 66N07 and 66ME3. II. Wheatbelt Rate Trials - 67N011, 66LG1, 68LG1, 67NO5, 6NA3, 67GE2, 66M06 and 67M01. III. Wheatbelt Research Stations and Farmers- 65C5, 65A1, 65N5,69WH15 and 66N09. IV. Higher Rainfall Area Trials - 68B1, 68BU2, 68BR5,68AL3, 69E6, 69AL2 and 69AL3. Miscellaneous Trials - 74GE2, 74GE4, 74GE5,74JE3, 74LG4, 74M06, 74M07, 74TS3, 74NA3 74NA4, 74M07, 74TS4

1975 Phosphorus and sulphur group results

Stocking X Super Rate - 66M30, 68BR7. Residual Value of Superphosphate - 66 & 68LG1, 66ME3, 66NO7, 67NO11, 67NO5, 74GE2, 74MO7, 74MO8. Maintainance P X S Trials - 65A1, 65C5, 65N5, 67NO11, 68AL3, 68B1, 69AL2, 69AL3, 69E6, 69WH15. Miscellaneous trials - Rates and Methods of Super on Wheat Lupins and Clover 74LG5, 75A20 and 21; 75ES5, 6, and 7; 75GE6 and 7; 75JE7, 75JE5, 75KA3 and 4; 75LG4 and 7; 75LG26; 75MO9, 75MO28, 75NA4, 75NO5 and 6. High Rainfall Pasture Trials - 75AL4 and 5; 75AR3 and 4; 75BR11, 12, and 13; 75BY5, 6, and 8; 75BU8 and 10; 75DE2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Notes on Discarded Trials

BayesGmed : An R-package for Bayesian Causal Mediation Analysis

3 figures. A missing appendix sections added and a text about prior specification added in section 4Preprin

Parametric uncertainty in complex environmental models: a cheap emulation approach for models with high-dimensional output

In order to understand underlying processes governing environmental and physical processes, and predict future outcomes, a complex computer model is frequently required to simulate these dynamics. However there is inevitably uncertainty related to the exact parametric form or the values of such parameters to be used when developing these simulators, with \emph{ranges} of plausible values prevalent in the literature. Systematic errors introduced by failing to account for these uncertainties have the potential to have a large effect on resulting estimates in unknown quantities of interest. Due to the complexity of these types of models, it is often unfeasible to run large numbers of training runs that are usually required for full statistical emulators of the environmental processes. We therefore present a method for accounting for uncertainties in complex environmental simulators without the need for very large numbers of training runs and illustrate the method through an application to the Met Office's atmospheric transport model NAME. We conclude that there are two principle parameters that are linked with variability in NAME outputs, namely the free tropospheric turbulence parameter and particle release height. Our results suggest the former should be significantly larger than is currently implemented as a default in NAME, whilst changes in the latter most likely stem from inconsistencies between the model specified ground height at the observation locations and the true height at this location. Estimated discrepancies from independent data are consistent with the discrepancy between modelled and true ground height

Dudley Cammett Lunt Esq. Correspondence

Entries include handwritten and typed letters on personal and Rockwood stationery

Hydrological and associated biogeochemical consequences of rapid global warming during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) hyperthermal, ~ 56 million years ago (Ma), is the most dramatic example of abrupt Cenozoic global warming. During the PETM surface temperatures increased between 5 and 9 °C and the onset likely took < 20 kyr. The PETM provides a case study of the impacts of rapid global warming on the Earth system, including both hydrological and associated biogeochemical feedbacks, and proxy data from the PETM can provide constraints on changes in warm climate hydrology simulated by general circulation models (GCMs). In this paper, we provide a critical review of biological and geochemical signatures interpreted as direct or indirect indicators of hydrological change at the PETM, explore the importance of adopting multi-proxy approaches, and present a preliminary model-data comparison. Hydrological records complement those of temperature and indicate that the climatic response at the PETM was complex, with significant regional and temporal variability. This is further illustrated by the biogeochemical consequences of inferred changes in hydrology and, in fact, changes in precipitation and the biogeochemical consequences are often conflated in geochemical signatures. There is also strong evidence in many regions for changes in the episodic and/or intra-annual distribution of precipitation that has not widely been considered when comparing proxy data to GCM output. Crucially, GCM simulations indicate that the response of the hydrological cycle to the PETM was heterogeneous – some regions are associated with increased precipitation – evaporation (P – E), whilst others are characterised by a decrease. Interestingly, the majority of proxy data come from the regions where GCMs predict an increase in PETM precipitation. We propose that comparison of hydrological proxies to GCM output can be an important test of model skill, but this will be enhanced by further data from regions of model-simulated aridity and simulation of extreme precipitation events

Fast-ion redistribution and loss due to edge perturbations in the ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D and KSTAR tokamaks

The impact of edge localized modes (ELMs) and externally applied resonant and non-resonant magnetic perturbations (MPs) on fast-ion confinement/transport have been investigated in the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), DIII-D and KSTAR tokamaks. Two phases with respect to the ELM cycle can be clearly distinguished in ELM-induced fast-ion losses. Inter-ELM losses are characterized by a coherent modulation of the plasma density around the separatrix while intra-ELM losses appear as well-defined bursts. In high collisionality plasmas with mitigated ELMs, externally applied MPs have little effect on kinetic profiles, including fast-ions, while a strong impact on kinetic profiles is observed in low-collisionality, low q 95 plasmas with resonant and non-resonant MPs. In low-collisionality H-mode plasmas, the large fast-ion filaments observed during ELMs are replaced by a loss of fast-ions with a broad-band frequency and an amplitude of up to an order of magnitude higher than the neutral beam injection prompt loss signal without MPs. A clear synergy in the overall fast-ion transport is observed between MPs and neoclassical tearing modes. Measured fast-ion losses are typically on banana orbits that explore the entire pedestal/scrape-off layer. The fast-ion response to externally applied MPs presented here may be of general interest for the community to better understand the MP field penetration and overall plasma response.Ministerio de Economía y Empresa ((RYC-2011-09152 y ENE2012-31087)Marie Curie (Grant PCIG11-GA-2012-321455)US Department of Energy (DE-FC02-04ER54698, SC-G903402, DE-FG02-04ER54761, DE-AC02-09CH11466 and DE-FG02- 08ER54984)NRF Korea contract 2009-0082012MEST under the KSTAR projec