Key mechanisms governing resolution of lung inflammation

Innate immunity normally provides excellent defence against invading microorganisms. Acute inflammation is a form of innate immune defence and represents one of the primary responses to injury, infection and irritation, largely mediated by granulocyte effector cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils. Failure to remove an inflammatory stimulus (often resulting in failed resolution of inflammation) can lead to chronic inflammation resulting in tissue injury caused by high numbers of infiltrating activated granulocytes. Successful resolution of inflammation is dependent upon the removal of these cells. Under normal physiological conditions, apoptosis (programmed cell death) precedes phagocytic recognition and clearance of these cells by, for example, macrophages, dendritic and epithelial cells (a process known as efferocytosis). Inflammation contributes to immune defence within the respiratory mucosa (responsible for gas exchange) because lung epithelia are continuously exposed to a multiplicity of airborne pathogens, allergens and foreign particles. Failure to resolve inflammation within the respiratory mucosa is a major contributor of numerous lung diseases. This review will summarise the major mechanisms regulating lung inflammation, including key cellular interplays such as apoptotic cell clearance by alveolar macrophages and macrophage/neutrophil/epithelial cell interactions. The different acute and chronic inflammatory disease states caused by dysregulated/impaired resolution of lung inflammation will be discussed. Furthermore, the resolution of lung inflammation during neutrophil/eosinophil-dominant lung injury or enhanced resolution driven via pharmacological manipulation will also be considered

Control of reflectance and transmittance in scattering and curvilinear hyperbolic metamaterials

We demonstrate reduced reflectance in curvilinear lamellar hyperbolic metamaterials as well as planar hyperbolic metamaterials consisting of metal/dielectric multilayers, with scatterers deposited on the top. The reduced reflectance is accompanied by a significant enhancement in transmission along with non-reciprocity of transmittance in forward and backward propagating directions. The observed experimental behavior is qualitatively similar to the results of numerical solutions of Maxwell equations. The findings of this study pave the way to a variety of important applications, including broadband enhancement of light trapping in photovoltaic devices. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4746387