Nonlinear Stability in the Generalised Photogravitational Restricted Three Body Problem with Poynting-Robertson Drag

The Nonlinear stability of triangular equilibrium points has been discussed in the generalised photogravitational restricted three body problem with Poynting-Robertson drag. The problem is generalised in the sense that smaller primary is supposed to be an oblate spheroid. The bigger primary is considered as radiating. We have performed first and second order normalization of the Hamiltonian of the problem. We have applied KAM theorem to examine the condition of non-linear stability. We have found three critical mass ratios. Finally we conclude that triangular points are stable in the nonlinear sense except three critical mass ratios at which KAM theorem fails.Comment: Including Poynting-Robertson Drag the triangular equilibrium points are stable in the nonlinear sense except three critical mass ratios at which KAM theorem fail

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Native Plant Swertia Chirayita (Roxb. Ex Fleming) Karst From Rasuwa District of Nepal

Swertia chirayita is one of the highly traded medicinal plants of Nepal. This plant was chosen for investigation as folk medicines and then collected from the diverse habitats of Rasuwa district of Nepal and specimens have been checked and identified at National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (NHPL), Godavari, Lalitpur. The identified plant was subjected to study physiochemical and biological activity. The stem, root and leaves of the plant were dried, made powder and mixed at the ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 and then extracted using methanol solvent by cold and warm method. The percentage yield from the plant was highest in warm methanol with 3.73%, followed by cold methanol with 2.28%. Plant extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like basic alka-loids, coumarin, glycosides, steroids, quinones, flavonoid and terpenoids. The antibacterial activity of the ex-tract showed significant bioactive by inhibiting the growth of selected pathogenic microbial species for the test. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) shown by the extracts was comparable to the standard antibiotics. Similar-ly, proximate composition was also carried out. The antioxidant activity of the sample was found to be 62.54% at 500 µg/mL and 15.32% at 100 µg/mL by radical scavenging method and showed significant antioxi-dants potential

Five and Six Coordinated Complexes of Di and Trivalent Iron with Ligands Derived from Acidhydrazides and Acetylacetone

Picolinic acid hydrazide(PH) and isonicotinic acidhydrazide (INH) react with acetylacetone in the presence of iron(II) and iron . (III) salts and give complexes of open chain tetradentate ligands through a template effect. The complexes are isolated and characterised as five and six-coordinated by the help of analyses, conductance, molecular weight, magnetic, Mossbauer, electronic and infrared spectral studies. Two molecules of PH or INH condense with a single acetylacetone moiety giving open chain tetradentate ligands. Attempts to isolate the ligand in the free state are, however, unsuccessful. The Ac(PH)2 coordinates through azomethine and pyridine nitrogens, while Ac(INHh does so through azomethine nitrogens and amide oxygens. Mossbauer spectra are consistent with their proposed geometries and reveal that iron is in the high-spin state. Various ligand field parameters are calculated using normalised spherical harmonic Hamiltonian theory and the amount of distortion is calculated in terms of DT/DQ. Metal- ligand vibrations in the far IR region are discussed

Neonatal health in Nepal: analysis of absolute and relative inequalities and impact of current efforts to reduce neonatal mortality

Background: Nepal has made substantial progress in reducing under-five mortality and is on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4, but advances in neonatal health are less encouraging. The objectives of this study were to assess relative and absolute inequalities in neonatal mortality over time, and to review experience with major programs to promote neonatal health. Methods: Using four nationally representative surveys conducted in 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011, we calculated neonatal mortality rates for Nepal and for population groups based on child sex, geographical and socio-economic variables using a true cohort log probability approach. Inequalities based on different variables and years were assessed using rate differences (rd) and rate ratios (rr); time trends in neonatal mortality were measured using the annual rate of reduction. Through literature searches and expert consultation, information on Nepalese policies and programs implemented since 1990 and directly or indirectly attempting to reduce neonatal mortality was compiled. Data on timeline, coverage and effectiveness were extracted for major programs. Results: The annual rate of reduction for neonatal mortality between 1996 and 2011 (2.8 percent per annum) greatly lags behind the achievements in under-five and infant mortality, and varies across population groups. For the year 2011, stark absolute and relative inequalities in neonatal mortality exist in relation to wealth status (rd = 21.4, rr = 2.2); these are less pronounced for other measures of socio-economic status, child sex and urban-rural residence, ecological and development region. Among many efforts to promote child and maternal health, three established programs and two pilot programs emerged as particularly relevant to reducing neonatal mortality. While these were designed based on national and international evidence, information about coverage of different population groups and effectiveness is limited. Conclusion: Neonatal mortality varies greatly by socio-demographic variables. This study clearly shows that much remains to be achieved in terms of reducing neonatal mortality across different socio-economic, ethnic and geographical population groups in Nepal. In moving forward it will be important to scale up programs of proven effectiveness, conduct in-depth evaluation of promising new approaches, target unreached and hard-to-reach populations, and maximize use of financial and personnel resources through integration across programs