Design and Performance of the CMS Pixel Detector Readout Chip

The readout chip for the CMS pixel detector has to deal with an enormous data rate. On-chip zero suppression is inevitable and hit data must be buffered locally during the latency of the first level trigger. Dead-time must be kept at a minimum. It is dominated by contributions coming from the readout. To keep it low an analog readout scheme has been adopted where pixel addresses are analog coded. We present the architecture of the final CMS pixel detector readout chip with special emphasis on the analog readout chain. Measurements of its performance are discussed.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures. Contribution to the Proceedings of the Pixel2005 Workshop, Bonn, German

Formation of iron nitride thin films with Al and Ti additives

In this work we investigate the process of iron nitride (Fe-N) phase formation using 2 at.% Al or 2 at.% Ti as additives. The samples were prepared with a magnetron sputtering technique using different amount of nitrogen during the deposition process. The nitrogen partial pressure (\pn) was varied between 0-50% (rest Argon) and the targets of pure Fe, [Fe+Ti] and [Fe+Al] were sputtered. The addition of small amount of Ti or Al results in improved soft-magnetic properties when sputtered using \pn $\leq$ 10\p. When \pn is increased to 50\p non-magnetic Fe-N phases are formed. We found that iron mononitride (FeN) phases (N at% $\sim$50) are formed with Al or Ti addition at \pn =50% whereas in absence of such addition \eFeN phases (N\pat$\sim$30) are formed. It was found that the overall nitrogen content can be increased significantly with Al or Ti additions. On the basis of obtained result we propose a mechanism describing formation of Fe-N phases Al and Ti additives.Comment: 9 Pages, 7 Figure

Die HINTEGRA-Sprunggelenkprothese: Kurz- und mittelfristige Erfahrungen

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel soll das spezifische Design der HINTEGRA®-Sprunggelenkprothese darstellen und die kurz- und mittelfristigen Ergebnisse klinisch und radiologisch aufarbeiten sowie hinsichtlich der Lernkurve und Revisionsoperationen kritisch analysieren. Von 278 zwischen Mai 2000 und August 2004 operierten Fällen konnten 271Sprunggelenke [261Patienten, 133Männer, 128Frauen; Alter 58,4 (25-90) Jahre] nach 36,1 (12-64) Monaten klinisch und radiologisch nachkontrolliert werden. Die Operationsindikation war in 206Fällen (76,0%) eine posttraumatische Osteoarthrose, in 34Fällen (12,5%) eine Arthritis im Rahmen einer systemischen Erkrankung und in 31Fällen (11,5%) eine primäre Arthrose. Neben 4 perioperativen und 19 frühpostoperativen Komplikationen kam es in 40Fällen (14,8%) zu einer Spätkomplikation; davon waren 22Komplikationen (8,2%) nicht implantatbezogen und 18Komplikationen (6,6%) implantatbezogen. In 39Fällen (14,4%) war eine Revisionsoperation erforderlich, davon in 5Fällen (1,8%) eine Konversion in eine OSG-Arthrodese. Sämtliche 34Fälle zeigten nach der erfolgreichen Revision bezüglich Verlauf und Ergebnis keine Unterschiede zu den komplikationsfreien 231Fällen. Der AOFAS-Hindfoot-Score verbesserte sich von präoperativ 40,3 (14-61) auf 85,0 (44-100) Punkte. Radiologisch zeigten sich alle verbleibenden 266 Tibiakomponenten stabil. 12 Taluskomponenten (4,4%) waren zu weit posterior implantiert und lagen nicht ideal auf dem posterioren Talus auf. Die Konzepte der minimalen Knochenresektion, möglichst großer Knochenabstützung, optimalen ligamentären Balance und minimalen Stressbelastungen in und um die Prothese zeigte sich hinsichtlich Verankerung im tibialen und talaren Knochen sowohl bei der primären Arthroplastik wie auch bei Revisionen erfolgreich. Die Lernkurve war kurz und steil, und die Mehrzahl der 18 implantatbezogenen Revisionen traten in den ersten Fällen auf. Trotz dem hohen Anteil von posttraumatischen Arthrosen mit häufigen Weichteilschäden waren die Ergebnisse ermutigend und lagen im Bereiche von anderen Erfahrungsberichten. Dies nährt die Hypothese, dass in der Arthroplastik des oberen Sprunggelenks (OSG) anatomische Oberflächen und exakte Positionierung der Komponenten für den Erfolg entscheidend sin

Building CMS Pixel Barrel Detectur Modules

For the barrel part of the CMS pixel tracker about 800 silicon pixel detector modules are required. The modules are bump bonded, assembled and tested at the Paul Scherrer Institute. This article describes the experience acquired during the assembly of the first ~200 modules.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, Vertex200

Qualification Procedures of the CMS Pixel Barrel Modules

The CMS pixel barrel system will consist of three layers built of about 800 modules. One module contains 66560 readout channels and the full pixel barrel system about 48 million channels. It is mandatory to test each channel for functionality, noise level, trimming mechanism, and bump bonding quality. Different methods to determine the bump bonding yield with electrical measurements have been developed. Measurements of several operational parameters are also included in the qualification procedure. Among them are pixel noise, gains and pedestals. Test and qualification procedures of the pixel barrel modules are described and some results are presented.Comment: 7 Pages, 7 Figures. Contribution to Pixel 2005, September 5-8, 2005, Bonn, Germna

An economic analysis of ischaemic heart disease in Switzerland

Aims Direct and indirect costs of ischaemic heart disease were assessed in Switzerland, for the period 1988-1993, in order to evaluate the economic consequences of more intensive treatment of the disease and of the decreasing mortality from ischaemic heart disease in the working population. Methods and Results A societal perspective was taken for a prevalence-based assessment of the direct (total resources consumed by outpatients and inpatients) and indirect (due to morbidity, invalidity, and premature death, using the human capital approach) costs. The results showed the total costs were 21 million US dollars per 100 000 population in the year 1993 (47% direct, 53% indirect costs). The largest components were the direct costs of inpatient care and indirect costs due to premature death (each approximately 25% of the total). Trends showed a large increase in direct costs (+9% per year, constant dollars). Indirect costs stabilized or decreased slightly due to the reduction of work losses. Conclusions Today's medicine and preventive measures have proven effective for ischaemic heart disease, although such remedies have required increasingly large financial resources. However, society benefits because indirect costs decrease, although this gain does not compensate for all direct cost

Statistik der biologisch wirtschaftenden Landwirtschaftsbetriebe der Schweiz 1993

Diese Publikationen informiert mit ausführlichen Tabellen, Grafiken und erläuternden Texten die Situation des biologischen Landbaus in der Schweiz im Jahr 1993

CMS Barrel Pixel Detector Overview

The pixel detector is the innermost tracking device of the CMS experiment at the LHC. It is built from two independent sub devices, the pixel barrel and the end disks. The barrel consists of three concentric layers around the beam pipe with mean radii of 4.4, 7.3 and 10.2 cm. There are two end disks on each side of the interaction point at 34.5 cm and 46.5 cm. This article gives an overview of the pixel barrel detector, its mechanical support structure, electronics components, services and its expected performance.Comment: Proceedings of Vertex06, 15th International Workshop on Vertex Detector

Magnetoresistance Anisotropy of Polycrystalline Cobalt Films: Geometrical-Size- and Domain-Effects

The magnetoresistance (MR) of 10 nm to 200 nm thin polycrystalline Co-films, deposited on glass and insulating Si(100), is studied in fields up to 120 kOe, aligned along the three principal directions with respect to the current: longitudinal, transverse (in-plane), and polar (out-of-plane). At technical saturation, the anisotropic MR (AMR) in polar fields turns out to be up to twice as large as in transverse fields, which resembles the yet unexplained geometrical size-effect (GSE), previously reported for Ni- and Permalloy films. Upon increasing temperature, the polar and transverse AMR's are reduced by phonon-mediated sd-scattering, but their ratio, i.e. the GSE remains unchanged. Basing on Potters's theory [Phys.Rev.B 10, 4626(1974)], we associate the GSE with an anisotropic effect of the spin-orbit interaction on the sd-scattering of the minority spins due to a film texture. Below magnetic saturation, the magnitudes and signs of all three MR's depend significantly on the domain structures depicted by magnetic force microscopy. Based on hysteresis loops and taking into account the GSE within an effective medium approach, the three MR's are explained by the different magnetization processes in the domain states. These reveal the importance of in-plane uniaxial anisotropy and out-of-plane texture for the thinnest and thickest films, respectively.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure