Рецидив рака почки: предикторы и результаты повторной парциальной нефрэктомии (обзор литературы)

In the last ten years, the number of organ preservation surgeries for kidney cancer significantly increased. Per literature data, the incidence of recurrences after partial nephrectomy is between 2.9 and 11 %, mostly they are located in the operated or contralateral kidney. Positive surgical margin, high stage and histological subtype of the tumor, as well as hereditary diseases, can serve as predictors for recurrences. In renal cancer recurrences, radical nephrectomy, ablation therapy and repeat tumor resection are possible treatment methods. Kidney resection, same as in primary renal tumors, leads to chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular complications. Different ablation methods, despite their low invasiveness, are not always technically possible. Therefore, in patients with kidney cancer recurrence and satisfactory functional status, repeat partial nephrectomy can be a method of choice. The literature describes the outcomes of open repeat kidney resection with high incidence of general and severe complications. The number of these complications significantly decreased due to the use of robot-assisted access for resection of recurrent renal tumors. Functional characteristics of repeat kidney resections do not significantly decrease, especially in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Oncological outcomes of these surgeries remain intermediate, further prospective multi-center trials are needed for their confirmation.За последнее десятилетие количество органосохраняющих операций при раке почки значительно увеличилось. По данным литературы, после парциальной нефрэктомии частота рецидивов колеблется от 2,9 до 11 %, в основном они локализуются в оперированной или контралатеральной почке. Предикторами их развития могут быть положительный хирургический край, высокая стадия и гистологический подтип опухоли, а также наследственные заболевания. При рецидивах рака почки возможны такие варианты лечения, как радикальная нефрэктомия, аблационная терапия и повторная резекция опухоли. Удаление почки, как и при первичных ренальных опухолях, ведет к развитию хронической болезни почек и сердечно-сосудистых осложнений. Различные методы аблации, несмотря на их малоинвазивность, не всегда технически выполнимы. Поэтому у пациентов с рецидивом рака почки и неотягощенным соматическим статусом методом выбора может быть повторная парциальная нефрэктомия. В литературе описаны результаты открытой повторной резекции почки с высокой частотой общих и серьезных осложнений. Количество этих осложнений значительно уменьшилось при использовании роботического доступа для удаления рецидивных ренальных опухолей. Функциональные показатели после повторных резекций почки ухудшаются незначительно, особенно при робот-ассистированной парциальной нефрэктомии. Онкологические результаты данных операций являются еще промежуточными, для их подтверждения необходимы дальнейшие проспективные исследования

Робот-ассистированная повторная резекция рецидивных опухолей почки

Background. Currently, organ-preserving surgery of kidney tumors often involves robot-assisted access. It can also be used in partial nephrectomy in patients with local recurrence after previous resection.Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of repeat robot-assisted partial nephrectomy of recurrent kidney tumors.Materials and methods. At the Urology Center of the Mariinsky Hospital (Saint Petersburg) between 2018 and 2022 robot-assisted partial nephrectomy was performed in 86 patients (46 (59.5 %) men and 40 (40.5 %) women) with stage Т1а (n = 72) and Tib (n = 14) kidney tumors. Mean patient age was 58.0 ± 8.5 years, tumor size varied between 1.2 and 5.2 cm. Seven (7) patients were operated on due to tumor recurrence after previously performed partial nephrectomy. In all cases, lesion was located outside the site of primary resection. Mean time between the 1st and 2nd surgeries was 24 (12-46) months. Histological examination of primary tumor showed renal cell carcinoma in 4 patients, papillary carcinoma in 2 patients, chromophobe carcinoma in 1 patient. In 5 patients, one recurrent lesion was diagnosed, in 2 patients - two. Ligation of the renal artery was performed in 2 patients, its branch - in 3, ischemia-free resection - in 2 patients. Evaluation of mean operating time, blood loss volume, warm ischemia time, pre- and postoperative kidney function was performed.Results. Mean operating time of repeat partial nephrectomy was 180 (130-210) minutes. Warm ischemia time for renal artery ligation was 16 and 20 minutes, for selective ischemia 14, 18 and 24 minutes. Mean blood loss volume was 220 (80-650) ml. No intraoperative complications were observed, grade I-II postoperative complications per the Clavien classification were observed in 2 patients. Mean decrease in glomerular filtration time was 8 % (from 62 to 54 mL/min/1.73 m2). During 16-month follow up period, tumor recurrence was not observed.Conclusion. Robotic access allows to safely and effectively perform resection of recurrent kidney tumors with satisfactory functional and intermediate oncological outcomes.Введение. В настоящее время при органосохраняющей хирургии опухолей почки активно применяется робот-ассистированный доступ. Также его можно использовать при парциальной нефрэктомии у больных с местным рецидивом после предыдущей резекции.Цель исследования - оценка эффективности повторной робот-ассистированной парциальной нефрэктомии рецидивных опухолей почки.Материалы и методы. В центре урологии Мариинской больницы (Санкт-Петербург) с 2018 по 2022 г. робот-ассистированная парциальная нефрэктомия была выполнена 86 больным (46 (59,5 %) мужчинам и 40 (40,5 %) женщинам) с опухолью почки стадий Т1а (n = 72) и T1b (n = 14). Средний возраст пациентов составил 58,0 ± 8,5 года, размер опухоли колебался от 1,2 до 5,2 см. По поводу рецидива опухоли после выполненной ранее парциальной нефрэктомии были оперированы 7 больных. Во всех случаях образование располагалось вне зоны первичной резекции. Время между 1-й и 2-й операциями составило в среднем 24 (12-46) мес. При гистологическом исследовании у 4 больных изначально был выявлен почечно-клеточный, у 2 - папиллярный, у 1 - хромофобный рак почки. У 5 пациентов диагностировано одно рецидивное образование, у 2 - два. Пережатие почечной артерии проводилось у 2, ее ветви - у 3, безышемическая резекция - у 2 пациентов. Выполняли оценку средней продолжительности операции, объема кровопотери, времени тепловой ишемии, пред- и послеоперационной функции почек.Результаты. Среднее время операции при повторной парциальной нефрэктомии составило 180 (130-210) мин. Время тепловой ишемии при пережатии почечной артерии составило 16 и 20 мин, при селективной ишемии - 14, 18 и 24 мин. Средний объем кровопотери - 220 (80-650) мл. Интраоперационных осложнений не зафиксировано, послеоперационные осложнения I-II степеней по классификации Clavien наблюдались у 2 больных. Скорость клубочковой фильтрации снизилась в среднем на 8 % (с 62 до 54 мл/мин/1,73 м2). За период наблюдения 16 мес рецидива опухоли не выявлено.Заключение. Роботический доступ позволяет безопасно и эффективно выполнить резекцию рецидивной опухоли почки с удовлетворительными функциональными и промежуточными онкологическими результатами

The three-dimensional reconstruction of the dilated renal pelvicalyceal system by non-enhanced computed tomography

Introduction. The three-dimensional reconstruction of the renal pelvicalyceal system (PCS) is possible when performing enhanced computed tomography (CT). However, the use of a contrast agent has its limitations associated with the presence of allergy and chronic kidney disease.Purpose of the study. To describe the method of semi-autonomous three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the PCS based on non-enhanced CT images of patients with upper urinary tract obstruction.Materials and methods. Five patients diagnosed with renal colic were recruited from April-May 2021. All patients underwent CT-urography after informed consent. Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit program (MITK) expanded with explainable update were used for 3D-reconstruction of PCS via excretory and native phases. To assess the accuracy of the latter, both contrast and non-contrast models were compared regarding their surface area. Also, the PCS of one patient was used to reconstruct virtual endoscopic views based on enhanced and non-enhanced models. Five urologists estimated their similarity and potential use of non-enhanced models for the interventional planning via a Likert scale questionnaire. The resulting models were also analyzed by programmer-engineers to test their suitability for 3D-printing.Results. The average surface area of enhanced and non-enhanced models was 3291 mm2 and 2879 mm2, respectively. Obtained models were suitable for their intraluminal reconstruction and potential 3D-printing. Analyzed properties of non-enhanced models were estimated at 4.5 out of 5.0.Conclusion. The described semi-autonomous reconstruction of the renal PCS based on non-enhanced CT images allows for a short time to reconstruct its 3D-view in patients with the upper urinary tract obstruction

Nephrostomy tube misplacement in the inferior vena cava following percutaneous nephrostomy

Percutaneous renal interventions are characterized by bleeding and infectious complications, as well as trauma to organs located near the kidney, renal or inferior vena cava (IVC). The article presents a clinical observation of a rare complication of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN), i.e. migration of the distal end of the nephrostomy tube into the IVC. Its timely removal followed by re-nephrostomy made it possible to avoid bleeding and restore drainage of the pyelocalyceal system. Along with this, the article presents a literature review on this condition in the eLibrary, Springer, MedLine, Embase, UpToDate databases from 2000 to 2021. The indications for PCN, the frequency and risk factors of IVC damage during percutaneous renal interventions, as well as treatment tactics were studied. After the initial evaluation of the literature, ten articles were selected for further analysis. The main risk factors associated with IVC perforation after PCN include the surgeon's lack of experience in instrumental imaging, misjudgment of the length of the nephrostomy tube, and its insertion depth, resulting in its inadequate placement. Removal of the nephrostomy tube from the IVC under radiological and ultrasound guidance or open surgery are the main methods to correct for this complication

Retrograde endoscopic-assisted percutaneous treatment of transplanted kidney calyceal fistula

Introduction. Calyceal fistula is a rare complication of a renal transplantation. This complication can lead to postoperative graft failure. The treatment approaches range from a partial nephrectomy to a routine nephrostomy.Objective. To present the successful application of the retrograde endoscopic-assisted percutaneous treatment of transplanted kidney calyceal fistula.Clinical case. A patient after kidney allotransplantation is under our care. Control postoperative ultrasound examination revealed a pararenal fluid mass in the left iliac region. Its percutaneous drainage was performed. Biochemical analysis revealed high levels of creatinine and urea in the drainage discharge. Despite ureteral stent and urethral catheter drainage, about 500 to 600 ml of urine per day was excreted by the drainage. Percutaneous puncture nephrostomy could not be performed due to the absence of dilatation of the renal cavity system. In the lithotomic position, the damaged calyx was identified by performing flexible ureteropyeloscopy. Then we percutaneously targeted the injured calyx and the distal end of the ureteroscope inserted transurethrally, so that the needle tip appeared in the paranephral cavity opposite the injured calyx. Under the control of a flexible ureteroscope the needle was inserted into the kidney pelvis, a nephrostomy tube 12 Ch was placed along the string. The discharge through the drain stopped within a week and it was removed. Follow-up examination nine weeks after surgery revealed that the patient had no complaints and renal ultrasound showed no features, so the nephrostomy tube was removed.Conclusion. The described method is the minimally invasive, affordable, and efficient method for the treatment of transplanted kidney calyceal fistula

Robot-assisted pyeloplasty with buccal mucosa graft for the management of an extended recurrent ureteropelvic junction stricture

A clinical case of robot-assisted pyeloplasty with buccal mucosa graft of an extended recurrent stricture of the left ureteropelvic junction is presented. The patient had previously undergone left-sided laparoscopic antevasal pyeloplasty and retrograde endopyelotomies with ureteral stenting. However, after these interventions, the dilatation of the left pelvicalyceal system persisted, the patient complained of lumbar pain and periodic exacerbations of chronic pyelonephritis. Transperitoneal robotic access isolated the ureteral upper third and the ureteropelvic junction from scar tissue, after dissecting the narrowed ureteral section, its length was about 3.0 cm. In this regard, plastic surgery was performed with a buccal mucosa graft, the ureter was drained with a stent. There were no postoperative complications, and on day 3 the patient was discharged. The stent was removed 4 weeks after. During the control ultrasound examination, the renal pelvicalyceal system was relatively reduced, and the patient did not notice any pain