Microneurosurgical Anastomoses for Cerebral Ischemia [Contents]

From jacket: The purpose of this volume is to present a series of important papers on the rapidly growing surgical field of microneurosurgical anastomoses for cerebral ischemia. It includes papers on the indications and results of microneurosurgical bypass anastomoses; on the techniques used to study patients before and after surgery, including cerebral blood flow psychometic testing, etc.; and on the basic mechanisms of cerebral ischemia studies in animals. New ideas are suggested for techniques involving increased use of the occipital arteries and the development of vein, arterial, or prosthetic grafts in place of the STA (superficial temporal artery). Also discussed are the importance of measuring blood flow in the STA where possible, and the measurement of cerebral blood flow pre- and postoperatively to monitor the results. Psychometric studies are shown to be of importance pre- and postoperatively in addition to careful neurologic evaluation

Using Hierarchical Clustering in Order to Increase Efficiency of Self-Organizing Feature Map to Identify Hydrological Homogeneous Regions for Flood Estimation

Introduction: Hydrologic homogeneous group identification is considered both fundamental and applied research in hydrology. Clustering methods are among conventional methods to assess the hydrological homogeneous regions. Recently, Self Organizing feature Map (SOM) method has been applied in some studies. However, the main problem of this method is the interpretation on the output map of this approach. Therefore, SOM is used as input to other clustering algorithms. The aim of this study is to apply a two-level Self-Organizing feature map and Ward hierarchical clustering method to determine the hydrologic homogenous regions in North and Razavi Khorasan provinces. Materials and Methods: SOM approximates the probability density function of input data through an unsupervised learning algorithm, and is not only an effective method for clustering, but also for the visualization and abstraction of complex data. The algorithm has properties of neighborhood preservation and local resolution of the input space proportional to the data distribution. A SOM consists of two layers: an input layer formed by a set of nodes and an output layer formed by nodes arranged in a two-dimensional grid. In this study we used SOM for visualization and clustering of watersheds based on physiographical data in North and Razavi Khorasan provinces. In the next step, SOM weight vectors were used to classify the units by Ward’s Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (Ward) methods. Ward’s algorithm is a frequently used technique for regionalization studies in hydrology and climatology. It is based on the assumption that if two clusters are merged, the resulting loss of information, or change in the value of objective function, will depend only on the relationship between the two merged clusters and not on the relationships with any other clusters. After the formation of clusters by SOM and Ward, the most frequently applied tests of regional homogeneity based on the theory of L-moments are used to compare and modify the clusters which are formed by clustering algorithms and find the best clustering method to achieve hydrologically homogeneous regions. Two statistical measures are used to form a homogeneous region, (i) discordancy measure and (ii) heterogeneity measure. The discordancy measure, Di, is used to find out unusual sites from the pooling group (i.e., the sites whose at-site sample L moments are markedly different from the other sites). Generally, any site with Di>3 is considered as discordant. The homogeneity of the region is evaluated using homogeneity measures which are based on sample L-moments (LCv, LCs and LCk), respectively. The homogeneity measures are based on the simulation of 500 homogeneous regions with population parameters equal to the regional average sample l-moment ratios. The value of the H-statistic indicates that the region under consideration is acceptably homogeneous when