Brain Neuronal CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors in Drug Abuse and Depression: From Mice to Human Subjects

BACKGROUND: Addiction and major depression are mental health problems associated with stressful events in life with high relapse and reoccurrence even after treatment. Many laboratories were not able to detect the presence of cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2-Rs) in healthy brains, but there has been demonstration of CB2-R expression in rat microglial cells and other brain associated cells during inflammation. Therefore, neuronal expression of CB2-Rs had been ambiguous and controversial and its role in depression and substance abuse is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study we tested the hypothesis that genetic variants of CB2 gene might be associated with depression in a human population and that alteration in CB2 gene expression may be involved in the effects of abused substances including opiates, cocaine and ethanol in rodents. Here we demonstrate that a high incidence of (Q63R) but not (H316Y) polymorphism in the CB2 gene was found in Japanese depressed subjects. CB2-Rs and their gene transcripts are expressed in the brains of naïve mice and are modulated following exposure to stressors and administration of abused drugs. Mice that developed alcohol preference had reduced CB2 gene expression and chronic treatment with JWH015 a putative CB2-R agonist, enhanced alcohol consumption in stressed but not in control mice. The direct intracerebroventricular microinjection of CB2 anti-sense oligonucleotide into the mouse brain reduced mouse aversions in the plus-maze test, indicating the functional presence of CB2-Rs in the brain that modifies behavior. We report for the using electron microscopy the sub cellular localization of CB2-Rs that are mainly on post-synaptic elements in rodent brain. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrate the functional expression of CB2-Rs in brain that may provide novel targets for the effects of cannabinoids in depression and substance abuse disorders beyond neuro-immunocannabinoid activity

Straight-chain alcohols exhibit a cutoff in potency for the inhibition of recombinant glutamate receptor subunits

1. The effects of n-alcohols (methanol to 1-decanol) on kainate-activated AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 and GluR3 ion currents were studied in Xenopus oocytes using the two-electrode voltage-clamp recording technique. 2. For short-chain alcohols from methanol to 1-hexanol, potency for inhibition of GluR1 and GluR3 receptor-mediated current increased in proportion to the chain length or hydrophobicity of the alcohol. 3. The IC(50) values of these alcohols for GluR1 were: methanol, 702 mM; ethanol, 170 mM; 1-propanol, 69 mM; 1-butanol, 20 mM; 1-pentanol, 17 mM; and 1-hexanol, 10 mM. For GluR3, IC(50) values were: methanol, 712 mM; ethanol, 238 mM; 1-propanol, 50 mM; 1-butanol, 32 mM; 1-pentanol, 13 mM; and 1-hexanol, 7 mM. 4. For long-chain alcohols, 1-heptanol was less potent than 1-hexanol (estimated IC(50): 19 mM for GluR1 and 18 mM for GluR3), 1-octanol had little effect only on GluR3, and 1-nonanol and 1-decanol did not significantly inhibit both GluR1 and GluR3 responses. 5. The observations indicate that straight-chain n-alcohols exhibit a cutoff in their potency for inhibition of the function of non-NMDA glutamate receptor subunits, GluR1 and GluR3. The cutoff in potency of n-alcohols for inhibition of non-NMDA glutamate receptor function is consistent with the interpretation that alcohols affect the function of these receptor-channels by interacting with an alcohol binding site of specific dimensions on the receptor protein

Subcellular localization of rat hippocampal CB2-Rs.

<p><i>A</i>, a CB2-IR dendrite [CB2(+) D] receiving multiple synaptic contacts from axon terminals lacking CB2-R immunolabeling [CB2(−) AT]. B, a CB2-IR dendrite [CB2(+) D] was contacted by a non-immunoreactive axon terminal [CB2(−) AT]. Scale bar represents 0.3 µm.</p

CB2-R gene targeting modifies behavior.

<p><i>A</i>, Behavioral effects of CB2 intracerebral gene targeting by antisense oligonucleotide microinjected into the mouse brain and performance of mice in plus-maze test was assessed before and after 3 days of twice daily microinjection. AS1 and AS2 were before and after CB2 antisense oligo microinjection. V1 and V2 are controls. <i>B</i>, performance in plus-maze test following CMS or mice exposed prenatally to capsaicin and the effect of JWH015 (20 mg/kg).</p

Presence of <i>CB2</i> gene in the brain.

<p>A, Relative brain expression of <i>CB2</i> gene in C57BL/6J and BALBc strains subjected to stress. <i>B</i>, Relative <i>CB2</i> gene expression levels in the striatum, midbrain, and hippocampus of C57Bl/6J mice. <i>C</i>, Mouse whole brain relative <i>CB2</i> gene expression levels following chronic treatment with heroin and cocaine. <i>D</i>, relative <i>CB2</i> gene expression levels in striatum and midbrain of mice that developed alcohol preference. <i>CB2</i> gene expression was relative to the standard laboratory brain obtained from C57BL/6J that was set to 1.0. The positive control was from the spleen and no cDNA in TaqMan PCR reaction served as negative controls.</p

Brain CB2-Rs: Immunoblots, genotyping and <i>in-situ</i> hybridization.

<p><i>A</i>, <i>In-situ</i> hybridization indicating <i>CB2</i> gene is expressed in the cerebellum of wild type and not in the cerebellum of the CB2-R deficient mice and also in sense controls in the wild type mice. <i>B</i>, RFLP genotyping discrimination on agarose gel for <i>CB2</i> Q63R polymorphism in depressed subjects (Ba) and, Resequences of <i>CB2</i> Q63R polymorphism (Bb). <i>C</i>, Western blotting of CB2-Rs in CMS and control mice (left panel) and in right panel in mice exposed to 4 mg/kg capsaicin in utero.</p

Behavioral effects of CB2-R activation and blockade.

<p><i>A</i>, Mouse spontaneous locomotor activity following acute treatment with CB2 agonist JWH015 (1–20 mg/kg), in mouse strain, C57Bl/6 (a and b); BALBc, (c and d) and DBA/2 (e and f). <i>B</i>, Effect of JWH015 in C57Bl/6 mice in the two compartment black and white box, showing time spent in the black and white chamber. <i>C</i>, Acute effects of SR144528 – a CB2-R antagonist on DBA/2 mouse spontaneous locomotor activity and stereotype behavior. <i>D</i>, Acute effects of SR144528, in DBA/2 male and female mice in the two chamber black and white test box, showing time spent in the black and white chamber.</p

Brain CB2-Rs: Immunohistochemistry in mouse and rat brain.

<p><i>A</i>, CB2-IR in apical dendrites and cell bodies of pyramidal neurons of rat cerebral cortex. <i>B</i>, CB2-IR in mouse cerebral cortex. <i>C</i>, CB2-IR in rat corpus callosum and <i>D</i>, CB2-IR in mouse hippocampal allocortex and some interneurons in the striatum oriens and stratum radiatum.</p

Brain CB2-Rs: Immunoractivity (IR) and pre-adsorption with immunizing peptide.

<p><i>A</i>, CB2-IR in the left panel and lack of CB2-IR in the right panel, <i>B</i>, when the CB2 antibody was pre-adsorped with the peptide.</p

Allelic and genotype distribution of R63Q polymorphism in the <i>CB2 gene</i>.

<p>Comparisons were made between patients with major depression and the healthy controls. Significant differences are observed in allelic frequency and genotype distribution in the R recessive model. OR is odd ratio.</p