Evaluation of the operational performance of the Nigerian agricultural cooperatives and rural Development bank (nacrdb) in cross river state

This study examined the performance of farmers in Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRD5. in terms of repayment in Cross River State. Specifically the study analyzed lending and loan characteristics, constrants to repayment, repayment performance and compare repayment between crop and poultry farmers. Purposive and random sampling procedures were used to select 270 respondents using both primary and secondary data to accomplish the objectives. Data analyses included the use of mean, frequencies, percentages and the t-test. The study showed that the institution considered was characterized by untimely delivery of loan owing to complicated. Cumbersome and time consuming procedures in loan processing/ approval decision and amount of loan disbursed. The comparison between crop and poultry producers revealed that crop producers repaid their loan more than their poultry counterparts. The study recommended that timely disbursement policies that increase the accessibility of farmers to loan should be adopted and this would be an effective measure to aid flow of funds into the agricultural sector

Survey of Freshly Harvested Oat Grains from Southern Brazil Reveals High Incidence of Type B Trichothecenes and Associated Fusarium Species

The current study investigated the fungal diversity in freshly harvested oat samples from the two largest production regions in Brazil, Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), focusing primarily on the Fusarium genus and the presence of type B trichothecenes. The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex, and were identified as F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), F. meridionale, and F. poae. In the RS region, F. poae was the most frequent fungus, while F. graminearum s.s. was the most frequent in the PR region. The F. graminearum s.s. isolates were 15-ADON genotype, while F. meridionale and F. poae were NIV genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that 92% and 100% of the samples from PR and RS were contaminated with type B trichothecenes, respectively. Oat grains from PR were predominantly contaminated with DON, whereas NIV was predominant in oats from RS. Twenty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with DON at levels higher than Brazilian regulations. Co-contamination of DON, its derivatives, and NIV was observed in 84% and 57.7% of the samples from PR and RS, respectively. The results provide new information on Fusarium contamination in Brazilian oats, highlighting the importance of further studies on mycotoxins

Poly(fluorenevinylene) derivative by Gilch polymerization for light-emitting diode applications

The synthesis of poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-2,7-vinylene) (PFV) via Gilch polymerization together with its characterization and purification using membrane technology was reported. The purity and structure of the monomer were confirmed by 1H NMR , 13C NMR, and elemental analyses. The key factor for obtaining the high molecular weight of the PFV was the introduction of a chloromethyl group into the 9,9-di-n-octylfluorene unit. The optical absorption (Abs) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the thin PFV film were obtained.close1039