Emittance growth of a short electron bunch in circular motion

A short electron bunch undergoing circular motion produces space-charge forces that do not decrease with increasing bunch energy, unlike those induced by straight-line motion. These energy-independent forces can be separated into a noninertial space-charge force and a coherent synchrotron radiation force. These forces result in an energy spread in the bunch, and can lead to a potentially large emittance growth. These effects can take place in both (1) bunch compression systems used to increase the peak current and (2) the wiggler itself Numerical estimates of the emittance growth in a wiggler for a 1-ps long, 1-mm radius, 1-nC electron bunch can be as large as 0.1 {pi} mm mrad per wiggle period; the energy spread can grow as much as 30 keV per wiggle period. These types of beam quality degradation may become significant for future, short-wavelength free-electron lasers requiring high-brightness electron beams, especially for self-amplified spontaneous emission operation

Annular-beam, 17 GHz free-electron maser experiment

Experiments have been conducted on a 15-17 GHz free electron maser (FEM) for producing a 500 MW output pulse with a phase stability appropriate for linear collider applications. The electron beam source was a 1 {mu}s, 800 kV, 5 kA, 6-cm-dia annular electron beam machine called BANSHEE. The beam interacted with the TM{sub 02} and TM{sub 03} mode Raman FEM amplifier in a corrugated cylindrical waveguide where the beam runs close to the interaction device walls to reduce the power density in the fields. This greatly reduced the kinetic energy loss caused by the beam potential depression associated with the space charge which was a significant advantage in comparison with conventional solid beam microwave tubes at the same beam current. The experiment was operated in a single shot mode with a large number of diagnostics to measure power, frequency and energy

Childhood intermittent and persistent rhinitis prevalence and climate and vegetation: A global ecologic analysis

Background: The effect of climate change and its effects on vegetation growth, and consequently on rhinitis,are uncertain.Objective: To examine between- and within-country associations of climate measures and the normalizeddifference vegetation index with intermittent and persistent rhinitis symptoms in a global context.Methods: Questionnaire data from 6- to 7-year-olds and 13- to 14-year-olds were collected in phase 3 of theInternational Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Associations of intermittent (>1 symptom reportbut not for 2 consecutive months) and persistent (symptoms for -2 consecutive months) rhinitis symptomprevalences with temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, and the normalized difference vegetation indexwere assessed in linear mixed-effects regression models adjusted for gross national income and populationdensity. The mean difference in prevalence per 100 children (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) perinterquartile range increase of exposure is reported.Results: The country-level intermittent symptom prevalence was associated with several country-levelclimatic measures, including the country-level mean monthly temperature (6.09-C; 95% CI, 2.06e10.11-C per 10.4-C), precipitation (3.10 mm; 95% CI, 0.46e5.73 mm; per 67.0 mm), and vapor pressure(6.21 hPa; 95% CI, 2.17e10.24 hPa; per 10.4 hPa) among 13- to 14-year-olds (222 center in 94 countries).The center-level persistent symptom prevalence was positively associated with several center-level climaticmeasures. Associations with climate were also found for the 6- to 7-year-olds (132 center in 57countries).Conclusion: Several between- and within-country spatial associations between climatic factors and intermittentand persistent rhinitis symptom prevalences were observed. These results provide suggestive evidencethat climate (and future changes in climate) may influence rhinitis symptom prevalence

Phase-Stable, Microwave FEL Amplifier

Free-electron laser (FEL) amplifiers have demonstrated high efficiency and high output power for microwave wavelengths. However, using present technology, microwave FEL amplifiers are not phase stable enough to be suitable for driving linear accelerators, where several much amplifiers need to be phase locked. The growing wave`s phase sensitivity to the beam voltage in the small-signal gain regime is responsible for the largest contribution to this phase instability. We discuss a scheme that reduces the phase sensitivity to the beam voltage by operating off synchronism and matching the phase variation resulting from the desynchronism to the phase variation from the reduced plasma wavenumber as the beam voltage changes

High-Power, High-Frequency, Annular-Beam Free-Electron Maser

The authors have developed a 15--17 GHz free electron maser (FEM) capable of producing high power pulses with a phase stability appropriate for linear collider applications. The electron beam source is a 1 {micro}s, 800 kV, 5 kA, 6-cm-dia annular electron beam machine called BANSHEE. The beam interacts with the TM{sub 02} mode Raman FEM amplifier in a corrugated cylindrical waveguide where the beam runs close to the interaction device walls to reduce the power density in the fields. They studied the phase stability by analyzing the dispersion relation for an axial FEL, in which the rf field was transversely wiggled and the electron trajectories were purely longitudinal. Detailed particle-in-cell simulations demonstrated the transverse wiggling of the rf mode and the axial FEL interaction and explicit calculations of the growing root of the dispersion relation are included to verify the phase stability