Design, Objects and Memory: A Sustainability-Oriented Project Itinerary

Game kasino Concerns related to sustainability are recurrent in Design. Questioning project practices, reassessing principles which are intrinsic to the design process, promoting the dissemination of sustainability-oriented actions, and contributing with a new awareness-raising process about consumption are attitudes that might help in the inclusion of environmental and social requirements in design practices. The relationship between sustainability and esthetic, symbolic and affective aspects is under explored in project elaboration. The project process that emphasizes subjective and material characteristics of objects with a view towards the appreciation of affective memories, through the analysis of users’ real-life experiences, might allow the designer to rethink time, tradition, aesthetics and perception to comprehend characteristics at play that are emotionally sustainable. This paper presents and discusses the ongoing research, whose main objective is to design a sustainability-oriented project itinerary, through affections and memory embedded into the relationship between people and objects

Design Processes and Anticipation

Introducing the cultural and historical background of the relationship between design and anticipation is the aim of this chapter. It first provides an overview of the topic describing the various phases and connotations of this connection in design evolution. Then it discusses the creation of a culture of anticipation in contemporary European, and in particular Italian, design as it has been documented in historical surveys and other mediating channels such as exhibitions. In these works, the narration of the future-focused dimension of the project \u2013 in the form of utopias, fictions, visions, prototypes, and studies \u2013 represents one of the constant interpretations underlying design affirmation and development. In order to outline a complete overview, the third paragraph introduces the approaches of other industrialized countries such the Americas, where the activity of design reflects the contextual factors resulting from its historical origins, not simply from the productive point of view but also as the declaration of the specific identity of each nation. During the first half of the Twentieth century, the perception and planning of the future on the continent were constructed under the influence of the events which gave rise to a space incorporating design as a projectual discipline. The idea of territorial development through foreign references allowed for the evolution of diverse bases for distinct initiatives. This paragraph explains how, from that point in time to the present day, the practice of design in America has become legitimized, with a vision oriented toward the search for innovation opportunities and encompassing both the approach and management of environmental complexity and its accompanying variables. Finally, the last paragraph provides a specific focus into the contemporary debate on the relationship between design and anticipation and outlines a conclusive reflection about: how design processes become today relevant in organizations and develop into ideal spaces for multidisciplinary collaboration in fields with high degrees of uncertainty; how they allow the construction of innovational competencies within these organizations; and, finally, how the label advanced design (the design culture most oriented toward the future) appeared as an anticipatory activity

Codon optimization of the human papillomavirus E7 oncogene induces a CD8+ T cell response to a cryptic epitope not harbored by wild-type E7.

Codon optimization of nucleotide sequences is a widely used method to achieve high levels of transgene expression for basic and clinical research. Until now, immunological side effects have not been described. To trigger T cell responses against human papillomavirus, we incubated T cells with dendritic cells that were pulsed with RNA encoding the codon-optimized E7 oncogene. All T cell receptors isolated from responding T cell clones recognized target cells expressing the codon-optimized E7 gene but not the wild type E7 sequence. Epitope mapping revealed recognition of a cryptic epitope from the +3 alternative reading frame of codon-optimized E7, which is not encoded by the wild type E7 sequence. The introduction of a stop codon into the +3 alternative reading frame protected the transgene product from recognition by T cell receptor gene-modified T cells. This is the first experimental study demonstrating that codon optimization can render a transgene artificially immunogenic through generation of a dominant cryptic epitope. This finding may be of great importance for the clinical field of gene therapy to avoid rejection of gene-corrected cells and for the design of DNA- and RNA-based vaccines, where codon optimization may artificially add a strong immunogenic component to the vaccine