Geochemical features of Sakhalin Island mud volcanoes

The study, based on a complex geochemical research, found that the composition of the most chemical elements in mud breccia from the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky (YSMV) and Pugachevsky (PMV) mud volcanoes (Sakhalin Island), the unique phenomena of endogenous defluidization in the Hokkaido-Sakhalin fold system (alpine-type folding), are comparable to Clark (C) contents of these elements (0.8-1.2 ×C). For Na, Li, Zn andSn, the ratio between the elemental contentsand their Clarke values (Csample/Clark value) vary from 1.4 to 5.2 xC. But the increased contents of Na and Li are due to the ascending endogenous fluid revealed. Study of the mud breccia chemical composition changes in different explosive activity of YSMV under the seismic activity variationsallowed to establish that, when the mud-volcanic gryphonsare activated against the background of increase in the temperature of the water-mud mixture and the emission of spontaneous gases, the contents of a number of elements (iron, calcium, manganese, rare earth elements, etc.) are decreased. This is explained by the formation of soluble hydrocarbonate complexes. Daginskiegasgeothermal system (DGHS) trace elements depletedooze samples were compared with YSMV and PMVsamples and exposedthat thehigh ratios of Csample /Clarke values for the majority of elements do not exceed 0.6 × C.Ooze samples from DGHS having higher elemental contents than Clark contents were observed only for Cd content (2.2-3.4 ×C) and Pb (0.7-1.5 ×C). Analysis of diatom flora on the DGHS site indicates the existence of an active fluid dynamic system that drains oil and gas bearing complexes. The factors determining the "weighting" of the methane carbon isotope composition in the southern part of Sakhalin Island are the increased seismic activity of deep-seated faults, as well as the presence of intrusions (diabase) and metamorphically altered rocks.References Aliyev A.A., Guliyev I.S., Rakhmanov R.R., 2009. Catalog of eruptions of Azerbaijan mud volcanoes (1810-2007). Baku Nafta-Press, 109p. Astakhov A.S., et al., 2002. Defluitization process dynamic of the Central Sakhalin fault at seismic activization (by monitoring results of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky mud volcano in July - August 2001) DAN 2002, 386(2), 223-228. Decisions of operational interdepartmental regional stratigraphical meetings on the Paleogene and Neogene of east regions of Russia-Kamchatka, Koryak Upland, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, 1998. 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Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 5-385. Horita J., 2001. Carbon isotope exchange in the system CO2-CH4 at elevated temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta, 65, 1907-1919. Kholodov V.N., 2002. Mud volcanoes: distribution regularities and genesis. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 3, 227-22001.41. Kopf A.J., 2002. Significance of mud volcanism. Rev. Geophys, 40(2), 2-1-2-52. Liu Chia-Chuan, et al., 2013. The geochemical characteristics of the mud liquids in the Wushanting and Hsiaokunshui Mud Volcano region in southern Taiwan: Implications of humic substances for binding and mobilization of arsenic. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 128, 62-71. Lobodenko I.Y., 2010. Holocenic tectonic deformations (paleoseismodislocations) in zones of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin and Central Sakhalin faults. Candidate of geological and mineralogical science thesis. Moscow, 22p. Melnikov O.A., 1987. Structure and geodynamics of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin folded region. Moscow Nauka, 93p. Melnikov O.A., 2011. About dynamics and nature of Pugachevsky group the gaswaterclastic ("mud") volcanoes on Sakhalin according to visual observations and an orohydrography. Volcanology and Seismology, 6, 47-59. Melnikov O.A., Ershov V.V., Kim Chong Un, etc., 2008.  About the mud spring activity dynamic of the gaswaterclastic ("mud") volcanoes and its connection with seismicity on the example of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky volcano (Sakhalin Island). Pacific Geology 27(5), 25-41. Melnikov O.A., Iliev A.Y., 1989. About new manifestations of mud volcanism on Sakhalin Island. Pacific geology 3, 42-48. Milkov, A.V., 2000. Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates. Marine Geology 167, 29-42. Oreshkin V.N., Gordeev V.V., 1983. Geochemistry of cadmium and plumbum in suspension of the rivers of Black, Azov and Caspian Sea areas. Geochemistry, 4, 603-613. Petelin V.P., 1957. Mineralogy of sand-aleurite fractions in the Sea of Okhotsk marine sediments. Proceedings of Oceanology Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, XXII. Prasolov E.M., 1990. Isotope geochemistry and origin of natural gases. St. Petersburg: Nedra, 283p. Shakirov R.B., 2016. Gasgeochemical fields of the marginal seas on the Far Eastern Region: distribution, origin, relations to the geological structures, gashydrates and seismo-tectonics. Dissertation of Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (Dr.Sci.). POI FEB RAS, Vladivostok 459p. (In Russian). Shakirov R.B., Syrbu N.C., Obzhirov A.I., 2012. Isotope and gas-geochemical features of methane and carbon dioxide distribution on Sakhalin Island and adjacent shelf of the Okhotsk Sea. Bulletin of KRAESC Earth Sciences, 2(20), 100-113. Shnyukov E.V., et al., 1992. Mud volcanism of the Kerch and Tamansky region. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 200p. Siryk I.M., 1968. Oil and gas content of the east slopes of the West Sakhalin mountains. Moscow: Nauka, 8-14. Sorochinskaya A.V., et al., 2008. Geochemical and mineralogical features of mud volcanoes of Sakhalin Island. Bulletin of FEB RAS, 4, 58-65. Veselov О.V., Soinov V.V., 1997. Tektonosphere geodynamics of conjaction zone of the Pacific Ocean with Eurasia. Yuzhno Sakhalinsk: IMGG FEB RAS 4, 153-176. Veselov O.V., Volgin P.F., Lutaya L.M., 2012.  Structure of the Pugachevsky mud-volcano sedimentary cover (Sakhalin Island) by geophysical modeling data. Pacific Geology, 31(6), 4-15. Vinogradov A.P., 1962. Average contents of chemical elements in the main types the igneous rocks. Geochemistry, 7, 555-571. Yakubov A.A., et al., 1980. Mud volcanism of the Soviet Union and its connection with oil-and-gas content. Baku, 165p. Zharov A.E., Mitrofanova L.I., Tuzov V.P., 2013. Stratigraphy of Cainozoic sedoiments of the Northern Sakhalin shelf. Stratigraphy, Geological correlation 21(5), 72-93

The relationship of cytokine status with left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with arterial hypertension

Aim. To study the relationship of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-10 levels with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial remodeling in patients with arterial hypertension. Metods. 156 patients with hypertension aged 40 to 75 years (mean age 55.8±7.5 years), including 57 women and 99 men were examined. All patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 83 patients without left ventricular hypertrophy (55.5±7.5 years), group 2 included 73 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (56.2±7.8 years), established by echocardiographic signs. All patients in addition to the general clinical examination and biochemical studies had echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography performed, as well as measurement of the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-10 by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using specialized «Cytokine-Stimulus-Best» kit (Novosibirsk, Russia). Results. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor α in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy was 8.43±1.36 pg/ml and was comparable with the concentration of this cytokine in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (8.54±1.58 pg/ml, p >0.05). This pattern was typical for both men and women. The concentration of interleukin-10 in both groups was also comparable (15.4±3.6 pg/ml in group 1 and 14.7±3.4 pg/ml in group 2, p >0.05). However, we identified gender-specific features in the relationship of interleukin-10 with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension. Thus, while in women the concentration of cytokine in groups with/without left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ significantly, in men without hypertrophy the level of interleukin-10 of 15.7±3.6 pg/ml, was significantly higher than the value of the same indicator in the group of men with left ventricular hypertrophy (14.8±2.9 pg/ml, p <0.025). Multivariate regression analysis showed that tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-10 concentrations correlated to left ventricular wall thickness in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. No such pattern was revealed for patients with hypertrophy. Conclusion. The results demonstrate the modulating role of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-10 in myocardial remodeling processes in arterial hypertension

Comparison of Pheochromocytoma-Specific Morbidity and Mortality among Adults with Bilateral Pheochromocytomas Undergoing Total Adrenalectomy vs Cortical-Sparing Adrenalectomy

Importance: Large studies investigating long-term outcomes of patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas treated with either total or cortical-sparing adrenalectomies are needed to inform clinical management. Objective: To determine the association of total vs cortical-sparing adrenalectomy with pheochromocytoma-specific mortality, the burden of primary adrenal insufficiency after bilateral adrenalectomy, and the risk of pheochromocytoma recurrence. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from a multicenter consortium-based registry for 625 patients treated for bilateral pheochromocytomas between 1950 and 2018. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2018, to June 1, 2019. Exposures: Total or cortical-sparing adrenalectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary adrenal insufficiency, recurrent pheochromocytoma, and mortality. Results: Of 625 patients (300 [48%] female) with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 30 (22-40) years at diagnosis, 401 (64%) were diagnosed with synchronous bilateral pheochromocytomas and 224 (36%) were diagnosed with metachronous pheochromocytomas (median [IQR] interval to second adrenalectomy, 6 [1-13] years). In 505 of 526 tested patients (96%), germline mutations were detected in the genes RET (282 patients [54%]), VHL (184 patients [35%]), and other genes (39 patients [7%]). Of 849 adrenalectomies performed in 625 patients, 324 (52%) were planned as cortical sparing and were successful in 248 of 324 patients (76.5%). Primary adrenal insufficiency occurred in all patients treated with total adrenalectomy but only in 23.5% of patients treated with attempted cortical-sparing adrenalectomy. A third of patients with adrenal insufficiency developed complications, such as adrenal crisis or iatrogenic Cushing syndrome. Of 377 patients who became steroid dependent, 67 (18%) developed at least 1 adrenal crisis and 50 (13%) developed iatrogenic Cushing syndrome during median (IQR) follow-up of 8 (3-25) years. Two patients developed recurrent pheochromocytoma in the adrenal bed despite total adrenalectomy. In contrast, 33 patients (13%) treated with successful cortical-sparing adrenalectomy developed another pheochromocytoma within the remnant adrenal after a median (IQR) of 8 (4-13) years, all of which were successfully treated with another surgery. Cortical-sparing surgery was not associated with survival. Overall survival was associated with comorbidities unrelated to pheochromocytoma: of 63 patients who died, only 3 (5%) died of metastatic pheochromocytoma. Conclusions and Relevance: Patients undergoing cortical-sparing adrenalectomy did not demonstrate decreased survival, despite development of recurrent pheochromocytoma in 13%. Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy should be considered in all patients with hereditary pheochromocytoma

ОТДАЛЕННЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИИ ТРУПНОЙ ПЕЧЕНИ

Aim of the study was to evaluate patient and graft survival after liver transplantation (LT) and to determine if primary disease diagnosis, early graft dysfunction or other factors affect it. Furthermore, we analyzed the reasonsof short-term and long-term deaths or retransplantations.Materials and methods. 192 LTs from donors with brain death were performed from December 2004 until June 2014. Recipient age varied from 5 to 71 years. Most frequent diagnosis was liver cirrhosis (mainly due to hepatitis C), then hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver graft dysfunction, etc.Results and discussion. 1-year patient survival is 89.5%, graft survival is 87.7%, 3-year –87% and 84.6%, respectively, and 5-year – 83.5% and 83.0%, respectively. Early mortality (in fi rst 30 days after transplantation) was 8%, long-term mortality – 5.9%. Primary non-function graft (PNF) was the reason of 66.7% early deaths. In the long term, infections and oncology were the reasons of death with the same frequency – 36.4%. Early graft dysfunction including primary non-function signifi cantly decreases short term survival (p = 0.0002). Nevertheless, in the majority of cases graft function improves and doesn’t affect survival. Donor factors play role in outcomes: early dysfunction is higher (40.6%) in extended criteria donor group than in standard donor group (р = 0.0431). PNF has the same trend – 8.5% and 0.0%, respectively, but without signifi cance (р =0.0835). 5-year survival is remarkably lower in HCC group 40.8% (p = 0.003) than in other groups.Conclusion: survival after liver transplantation in our Center is comparable with the results of the world’s centers.Цель данного исследования – изучить выживаемость больных и трансплантатов в зависимости от диагно-за первичного заболевания, наличия ранней дисфункции трансплантата, причины летальности на разныхсроках, проанализировать результаты ретрансплантаций.Материалы и методы. С декабря 2004 года по июнь 2014 года в ФНЦТИО было выполнено 192 трансплантации печени от доноров с диагнозом «смерть мозга» 186 реципиентам в возрасте от 5 лет до 71 года. В структуре показаний к трансплантации на первом месте по частоте находился цирроз печени, чаще всего в исходе гепатита С, затем гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома, дисфункция трансплантата печени и другие заболевания.Результаты и обсуждение. Однолетняя выживаемость реципиентов составляет 89,5%, трансплантатов – 87,7%, трехлетняя – 87 и 84,6%, пятилетняя – 83,5 и 83,0% соответственно. Периоперационная летальность составила 8%, отдаленная – 5,9%. Основной причиной смерти в раннем послеоперационном периоде являлись первично не функционирующие трансплантаты (ПНФТ) – 66,7% потерь, в отдаленном – одинаково часто (36,4% потерь) злокачественные новообразования и инфекции. Ранняя дисфункция трансплантата (РДТ), включая ПНФТ, статистически значимо снижает выживаемость в раннем послеоперационном периоде (p = 0,0002). Однако у большинства больных РДТ обратима и в этом случае в дальнейшем не влияет на выживаемость. При использовании трансплантата от стандартного донора частота РДТ была статистически значимо меньше – 21,2%, чем при расширении критериев – 40,6% (р = 0,0431), а частота ПНФТ составила 0,0 и 8,5%, соответственно (р = 0,0835). Пятилетняя выживаемость при трансплантации по поводу ГЦК значимо ниже, чем при наличии других показаний – 40,8% (p = 0,003).Заключение: выживаемость реципиентов после трансплантации печени в нашем центре на сроке до 10 лет сопоставима с результатами мировых регистров

Evidence for Compressionally-Induced High Subsidence Rates in the Kurile Basin (Okhotsk Sea)

A combined volcanological, geochemical, paleo-oceanological, geochronological and geophysical study was undertaken on the Kurile Basin, in order to constrain the origin and evolution of this basin. Very high rates of subsidence were determined for the northeastern floor and margin of the Kurile Basin. Dredged volcanic samples from the Geophysicist Seamount, which were formed under subaerial or shallow water conditions but are presently located at depths in excess of 2300 m, were dated at 0.84±0.06 and 1.07±0.04 Ma with the laser 40Ar/39Ar single crystal method, yielding a minimum average subsidence rate of 1.6 mm/year for the northeast basin floor in the Quaternary. Trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data from the volcanic rocks show evidence for contamination within lower continental crust and/or the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, indicating that the basement presently at ∼6-km depth is likely to represent thinned continental crust. Average subsidence rates of 0.5–2.0 mm/year were estimated for the northeastern slope of the Kurile Basin during the Pliocene and Quaternary through the determination of the age and paleo-environment (depth) of formation of sediments from a canyon wall. Taken together, the data from the northeastern part of the Kurile Basin indicate that subsidence began in or prior to the Early Pliocene and that subsidence rates have increased in the Quaternary. Similar rates of subsidence have been obtained from published studies on the Sakhalin Shelf and Slope and from volcanoes in the rear of the Kurile Arc. The recent stress field of the Kurile Basin is inferred from the analysis of seismic activity, focal mechanism solutions and from the structure of the sedimentary cover and of the Alaid back-arc volcano. Integration of these results suggests that compression is responsible for the rapid subsidence of the Kurile Basin and that subsidence may be an important step in the transition from basin formation to its destruction. The compression of the Kurile Basin results from squeezing of the Okhotsk Plate between four major plates: the Pacific, North American, Eurasian and Amur. We predict that continued compression could lead to subduction of the Kurile Basin floor beneath Hokkaido and the Kurile Arc in the future and thus to basin closure

Grain Boundary Wetting and Material Performance in an Industrial EZ33A Mg Cast Alloy

The grain boundary wetting phase transition in an industrial EZ33A cast alloy is studied. 12% of the grain boundaries are completely wetted at the temperature slightly higher than the eutectic transformation temperature (530°C). The fraction of wetted grain boundaries increases with temperature, reaches a maximum of 85% at 570°C, and does not change further until the alloy melts. In the as-cast state, the alloy has low ductile properties at the ambient temperature. The microstructure in the as-cast state corresponds to the wetting state at about 560°C, which indicates that the cooling rate in casting is almost equal to that in quenching. The volume and the surface fraction of the second phase and the hardness measured at the least wetted state of samples point toits good machinability. The wetting data are used to suggest a sequence of heat treatment and machining for processing EZ33A alloy parts