Boundaries and Restricted Places: The Immured Space

This innovative book defines the concept of immured spaces across time, space and culture and investigates various categories of restricted places such as divided, segregated and protected spaces. © Balkiz Yapicioglu and Konstantinos Lalenis 2022

Introduction to Boundaries and Restricted Places: The Immured Space

“Space immured” is a space of collective characteristics in or out of which free access or movement is denied, or forbidden, or strictly monitored for specific groups or individuals, or the sense of intruding to an alien space is imposed out of threat or fear. In immured spaces barriers have clear and discrete characteristics. Walls or barriers could be physical or conceptual, and they are usually set by the ‘dominant’ of the involved groups or by a 3rd agent or authority without consultation of all the involved agents, and often against the will of some of the involved. Their establishment or construction is time independent. Might be a ‘immediate’ reaction to an incident like a war, social crisis or etc., or a slow development reflecting the evolution of social gaps, conflicts or social segregation in an area. The introduction discusses the theory behind the space immured and discusses of its relation to space and place, visible/invisible walls and barriers. © Balkiz Yapicioglu and Konstantinos Lalenis 2022

Conclusion: Connecting the diversity of the immured space

This chapter analysis the cases examined in the book where it is exhibited that in immured spaces, spatial and temporal characteristics co-exist and interrelate to mental perceptions and elaborations. One characteristic which transcends categories of cases and applies to all immured spaces is that they have a reciprocal effect/impact on the character of social interactions in and around them. As shown above, immured spaces combine functional dimensions of both material and mental spaces with no exceptions. The time factor also grants them with kairotic properties so that their identity emerges as being composed by time, space and social interactions. In this sense, immured spaces exist, and function differently than the other spaces and they fully justify the characterization of immured space as the ‘thirdspace’ where spatial reality and spatial imagination coalesce as a mental space which is nourished by the material space. © Balkiz Yapicioglu and Konstantinos Lalenis 2022

Re-Evaluation of Old Findings on Stroke Volume Responses to Exercise and Recovery by Nitrous-Oxide Rebreathin

It is important to verify the old findings of Cumming (1972) and Goldberg and Shephard (1980) who showed that stroke volume (SV) may be higher during recovery rather than during exercise, in order to organize the number of intervals throughout training sessions. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate individual SV responses to various upright cycling exercises using the nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. Nine moderate to well-trained male athletes volunteered to take part in the study (maximal O2 uptake (VO2max): 60.2 ± 7 mLmin-1kg-1). Workloads ranging from 40-100% of VO2max were applied to determine individual peak SV (SVpeak) response. Results showed that SV responses were higher during exercise compared to recovery in all exercise loads from 40-100% of VO2max. Mean SV responses to individual SVpeak loads were also higher during exercise compared to recovery (122.9 ± 2.5 versus 105.3 ± 5.93 mL). The highest SV responses to 10 min exercises of 40-70% of VO2max were obtained in the 5th or 7.5th min of each stage (p?0.05). Meanwhile, during 5 min exercises between 80-100% of VO2max, peak SV responses were observed in the 3rd min of loading (p?0.05). In conclusion, individual SVpeak levels encountered over wide exercise intensity ranges showed that SVpeak development may also be correlated to exercise intensity corresponding to individual SVpeak loads. © Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics 2016

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux: An unusual association

PubMedID: 12026213The Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by congenital vascular hamartomas, limb hypertrophy, cutaneous manifestations, lymphangiomas and atresia of lymph vessels with non-pitting edema. A three-year-old boy was referred to our clinic for progressive hypertrophy of leg and feet with 32-month history. We diagnosed Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, and determined vesicoureteral reflux in our patient. To our knowledge, hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux have not been described previously in the KTWS

Shorter intervals at peak SV vs.V·O2max may yield high SV with less physiological stress

PubMed ID: 25307847The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (Formula presented.), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs. LI). Nine moderate- to well-trained male athletes competing at regional level specialists of cyclist, track and field volunteered to take part in the study (Formula presented.) : 59.7 ± 7.4 mL·min-1·kg-1). Following familiarisation sessions, (Formula presented.) was determined, and then SVpeak was evaluated using exercise intensities at 40%–100% of (Formula presented.) by nitrous-oxide rebreathing (N2ORB) method. Then each separate participant exercised wattages corresponding to individual (Formula presented.) and SVpeak during both SI (SI (Formula presented.) and SISVpeak) and LI (LI (Formula presented.) and LISVpeak) workouts on a cycle ergometer. Main results showed that both SI (Formula presented.) and SISVpeak yielded greater SV responses than LI (Formula presented.) and LISVpeak (p ? 0.05). Mean SV responses were greater in LISVpeak than in LI (Formula presented.) (p ? 0.05), but there was no statistical difference between SISVpeak and SI (Formula presented.). However, there was significantly less physiological stress based on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion in SVpeak than in (Formula presented.) intensities (p ? 0.05). Moreover, SV responses at exercise phases increased in the early stages and remain stable until the end of SI (Formula presented.) and SISVpeak workouts (p > 0.05), while they were gradually decreasing in LI (Formula presented.) and LISVpeak sessions (p ? 0.05). In conclusion, if the aim of a training session is to improve SVpeak with less physiological stress, SISVpeak seems a better alternative than other modalities tested in the present study. © 2014 European College of Sport Science

Do all deliveries with elective caesarean section need paediatrician attendance

PubMedID: 22708525Aim: To determine whether paediatrician attendance to deliveries with elective caesarean section (CS) is really needed for term and also for preterm babies with 35-37 weeks gestational age. Methods: Singleton newborns ?35 gestational weeks without any identified risk factor were evaluated for resuscitation steps prospectively after CS under regional and general anaesthesia. Results: 545 infants were included in the study. 150 (27.5%) of infants needed only supplemental oxygen and 23 (4.2%) neonates needed bag and mask ventilation. None of the babies needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (chest compression) or endotracheal tube insertion/epinephrine administration. More infants required supplemental oxygen and bag-mask ventilation in general anaesthesia delivery group compared to spinal/epidural anaesthesia group (35.5% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.29 for oxygen and 9.2 % vs. 2.3%, p < 0.0001 for bag-mask) The need for resuscitation steps was not statistically significantly different between neonates who were born in 35-37 gestational week and neonates who were born ?38 week (p = 0.170 for supplementary oxygen, p = 0.442 for bag-mask ventilation). Conclusion: There is not increased risk for chest compression and entubation for infants ? 35 gestation weeks without antenatally identified risk factors born with elective CS either under regional or general anesthesia and only 4.2% of the babies needed bag-mask ventilation, so a health care personel who knows basic NRP may be sufficient in the clinics where it is easy to achieve an advanced skilled health care personel when needed. © 2012 Informa UK, Ltd