Bringing the social into vaccination research: Community-led ethnography and trust-building in immunization programs in Sierra Leone

Background Vaccine hesitancy is a complex, contested social phenomenon and existing research highlights the multifaceted role of trust in strengthening vaccine confidence. However, understanding public engagement with vaccination through the lens of (mis)trust requires more contextual evidence on trust's qualitative determinants. This includes expanding the geographic focus beyond current studies' focus on High Income Countries. Furthermore, obstacles remain in effectively integrating social science findings in the design of vaccine deployment strategies, and in ensuring that those who implement interventions and are affected by them are directly involved in producing knowledge about vaccination challenges. Methods We piloted a community-led ethnographic approach, training Community Health Workers (CHWs) in Kambia District, Sierra Leone, in qualitative social science methods. Methods included participant observation, participatory power mapping and rumour tracking, focus group discussions and key stakeholder interviews. CHWs, with the support of public health officials and professional social scientists, conducted research on vaccination challenges, analysed data, tested new community engagement strategies based on their findings and elicited local perspectives on these approaches. Results Our findings on vaccine confidence in five border communities highlighted three key themes: the impact of prior experiences with the health system on (mis)trust; relevance of livelihood strategies and power dynamics for vaccine uptake and access; and the contextual nature of knowledge around vaccines. Across these themes, we show how expressions of trust centered on social proximity, reliability and respect and the role of structural issues affecting both vaccine access and confidence. The pilot also highlighted the value and practical challenges to meaningfully co-designed research. Conclusion There is scope for broader application of a community-led ethnographic approach will help redesign programming that is responsive to local knowledge and experience. Involving communities and low-cadre service providers in generating knowledge and solutions can strengthen relationships and sustain dialogue to bolster vaccine confidence

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengendalian Jarak Jauh terhadap Lampu Ruangan Berbasis Web Menggunakan Arduino Nano

Pengontrolan jarak jauh Berupa Pengisian listrik yang tinggi jika lampu dibiarkan terus diinstal. Resiko mengatasi kriminal melepaskan Jika lampu rumah tidak menyala di malam hari. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu teknologi yang tepat guna untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengendalian Jarak Jauh Terhadap Lampu Ruangan Berbasis Web Menggunakan Arduino Nano. Piranti ini adalah alat yang dirancang untuk menghubungkan jarak jauh lampu dalam ruangan berbasis web. Lampu yang dikendalikan yaitu lampu ruang servis motor, ruang penyimpanan, gudang dan kamar yang menggunkan router TP LINK TDW - 8968 jarak 2 meter dari lampu.Jarak operasional maksimal yang telah diujikan dengan menggunakan satu buah router rumah makan 100m.Namun, jika dikembangkan dengan menggunakan jaringan komputer, WAN jarak dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan selama perangkat terkoneksi dalam satu jaringan lokal. Mengelola lampu jarak jauh menggunakan situs web, sistem dapat membantu atau mengefisienkan waktu yang digunakan untuk memadamkan atau menghidupkan lampu dengan skala besar dan banya

Lay theories and consumer perceptions of dietary supplements

Consumers lack awareness and concern of potential adverse reactions, interactions, and inappropriate usage associated with dietary supplements. The lack of strict governmental regulation of supplements accompanied by consumers\u27 lack of knowledge often results in them relying on ordinary lay (naïve) beliefs and theories when making supplement‐based decisions. We use an accessibility–diagnosticity framework to explore the impact of lay theories/beliefs on consumers\u27 perceptions and judgments of dietary supplements. Two experiments prime two lay theories relevant to dietary supplement decision making: “less is more” (LIM: Study 1) and “no‐pain no‐gain” (NPNG: Study 2). Supplement form (single‐ vs. multi‐ingredient) is also manipulated in both studies, and Study 2 includes a Food and Drug Administration disclaimer intervention. Findings show that when a LIM lay theory is primed (Study 1), supplement form is a diagnostic cue. Specifically, consumers perceive that multi‐ingredient supplements possess more severe adverse side effects compared with single‐ingredient supplements. In the presence of an NPNG mindset (Study 2), supplement form was not diagnostic in the decision process, and a disclaimer intervention that draws attention to the lack of government regulation and testing of supplements was ineffective at influencing perceived side effect severity and attitude. The data confirm that lay theories impact dietary supplement decision making and that the observed effects are consistent with an accessibility–diagnosticity framework. Implications for public policy are also discussed