The Effect Different Irrigation Regimes and Animal Manure on Nutrient, Essential Oil and Chemical Composition on Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)

To study the effects of water stress and animal manure on nutrients concentration, essential oil percentage and its chemical components in Cuminum cyminum, an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Zahak, Zabol, during 2003–2004 in a randomized complete block design arranged in factorial with four replicates. Treatments were there irrigation (I1: two times irrigation, I2: three times irrigation and I3: four times irrigation) and two animal manure levels (F1: no manure and F2: 20 ton/ha manure). The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by gas- chromatography (GC) and GC-MS. The effect of water stress on Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P and K percentages was significant but its effect on Mn, Zn and Cu was not significant. I1F1 had maximum of Na, Ca, Mg and minimum of micro nutrients. Using of animal manure was not effected on nutrients. The effect of water stress and animal manure were significant on essential oil and its chemical compositions. I2F2 had the highest of cuminaldehyde and ρ-cymene and the lowest of β-pinene, γ-terpinene and α-pinene. Result showed that there is a correlation among the main components of cumin essential oil under water and mineral stress

Agroecological Zoning of Wheat in the Borujen Watershed: Rianfed and Irrigated Wheat Cropping System Evaluation

Abstract Agroecological zoning is multidisciplinary model that could be applied to create spatial database, due to evaluation and agricultural land use planning. This study was performed in order to evaluate the wheat cropping system with agroecological zoning methodology in the Borujen watershed. Therefore the long term daily climatic database was made from 18 synoptic and climatic stations that covered whole of study area. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated using ET Calculator software base on Penman-Montith method. The WOFOST model showed acceptable performance during validation for predicting yield and development stages of wheat cultivars under potential and water limited conditions. Wheat yield production was simulated for all stations, and then the outputs of model were interred to ArcGIS software setting. The output data of model was interpolated using Spline function for yield estimation overall study area. Results showed, mean potential yield of wheat was varied 6.2 to 6.9 t ha-1 overall study area, so that the central and northern east basins are more suitability for yield production in potential mod. Mean water limited yield of wheat was varied 2.4 to 3.7 t ha-1 overall study area, so that the eastern south basins (Imam Qeis basin) are more suitable for wheat in rainfed or water limited conditions.The results of yield gap analysis in different wheat cropping systems performed on four different agro-ecological zones, include of Zone1: yield gaps = 4.2-6.2 Mg/ha, Zone 2: yield gaps = 3-3.6 Mg/ha, Zone 3: yield gaps < 2.4 Mg/ha, and Zone 4 is unsuitable area. Analysis of water balance pattern in the study area showed that, the main factors that affected on yield gap are rainfall distribution and low temperature during moisture growing period. This study demonstrates that WOFOST model has the good capability for wheat yield simulation in potential and water limited conditions and can be used as suitable approach to analyze the cropping systems at regional scales

Residual Effect of Chemical and Animal Fertilizers and Compost on Yield, YieldComponents, Physiological Characteristics and Essential Oil Content of Matricaria chamomilla L. under Drought Stress conditions

Abstract\ud The residual effect of inorganic and organic fertilizers on growth and yield of plants is one of the important problems in nutrition. This study was conducted to determine the residual effect of different fertilizers on yield, yield components, physiological parameters and essential oil percentage of Matricaria chamomilla under drought stress. A split plot arrangement based on randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was conducted in 2009, at the University of Zabol. Treatments included W1 (non stress), W2 (75% FC) and W3 (50% FC) as main plot and three types of residual’s fertilizers: F1 (non fertilizer), F2 (chemical fertilizer), F3 (manure fertilizer) and F4 (compost) as sub plot. Results showed that water stress at W3 treatment reduced dry flower yield. Low water stress increased essential oil percentage and the highest oil was obtained in W2. In this experiment, free proline and total soluble carbohydrate concentration were increased under water stress. The residual’s manure and compost enhanced flower yield, percentage and yield of essential oil of chamomile at the second year. At a glance, animal manure application and light water stress (75% FC) was recommended to obtain best quantitative and qualitative yield.\ud \ud Keywords: Water Stress, Fertilizer, Carbohydrate, Proline, Chamomil

QTL analysis of forage quality traits in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)

Despite the importance of barley as an animal feed, its forage quality has usually been neglected in breeding programs. In order to map the genomic regions, which modify barley forage quality, a population of 72 F 1 -derived doubled haploid lines (DH) from the cross “Steptoe/Morex” and their two parents were sown in Karaj and Zabol provinces of Iran, in each under a randomized complete block arrangement with two replications. Forage samples were oven-dried and ground and dry matter digestibility (DMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrates and ash content were measured by NIRS. Analysis of variance showed that genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction have significant effects on almost all studied traits. Several QTLs were resolved for each studied trait in both environments. Highest LOD scores were obtained for CF, ADF and DMD on chromosome 2H and for ash and CP on chromosomes 3H and 5H, respectively. QTLs for NDF were present on all chromosomes except 4H and 7H. QTL × environment interaction and the specificity of the QTLs are discussed

Detection of QTLs for seedling characteristics in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under hydroponic culture condition

Abstract Background Seedling characteristics play significant roles in the growth and development of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), including stable stand establishment, water and nutrients uptake, biotic resistance and abiotic stresses, and can influence yield and quality. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying seedling characteristics in barley are largely unknown and little research has been done. In the present work, 21 seedling-related characteristics are assessed in a barley double haploid (DH) population, grown under hydroponic conditions. Of them, leaf age (LAG), shoot height (SH), maximum root length (MRL), main root number (MRN) and seedling fresh weight (SFW) were investigated at the 13th, 20th, 27th, and 34th day after germination. The objectives were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying these seedling characteristics using a high-density linkage map and to reveal the QTL expression pattern by comparing the QTLs among four different seedling growth stages. Results A total of 70 QTLs were distributed over all chromosomes except 4H, and, individually, accounted for 5.01%–77.78% of phenotypic variation. Out of the 70 detected QTLs, 23 showed a major effect on 14 seedling-related characteristics. Ten co-localized chromosomal regions on 2H (five regions), 3H (two regions) and 7H (three regions) involved 39 QTLs (55.71%), each simultaneously influenced more than one trait. Meanwhile, 9 co-localized genomic regions involving 22 QTLs for five seedling characteristics (LAG, SH, MRL, MRN and SFW) at the 13th, 20th, 27th and 34th day-old seedling were common for two or more growth stages of seedling. QTL in the vicinity of Vrs1 locus on chromosome 2H with the favorable alleles from Huadamai 6 was found to have the largest main effects on multiple seedling-related traits. Conclusions Six QTL cluster regions associated with 16 seedling-related characteristics were observed on chromosome 2H, 3H and 7H. The majority of the 29 regions identified for five seedling characteristics were selectively expressed at different developmental stages. The genetic effects of 9 consecutive expression regions displayed different developmental influences at different developmental stages. These findings enhanced our understanding of a genetic basis underlying seedling characteristics in barley. Some QTLs detected here could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in barley breeding