Preventive Measures Adopted by Nigerian Farmers for the Environmental Hazards in Cocoa Plantations

The study investigated the adoption of environmental hazards preventive measures among cocoa farmers in Nigeria. It specifically identified and evaluated the preventive measures adopted by the farmers against environmental hazards associated with cocoa farming. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 600 respondents from five geo-political zones where cocoa is commercially grown in the country. Results revealed that cocoa farming was dominated by male farmers (94%) with a mean age of 48.6±14.0 years, while 81.5% were literate. Fifteen environmental hazards preventive measures were adopted by the farmers, of which the highest adopted preventive measures were hygiene practices on the farm (48.8%) and use of disease resistant varieties (48%). The farmers indicated that they (61.5%) never allowed crops to be less vulnerable, 57.8% never adhered to cocoa certification procedure and55.7% never practiced integrated pest management techniques. On the whole, however, 28.8% fell into high adoption category. The study further showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between adoption of environmental hazards preventive measures and farmers’ yield at (r = 0.936; p<0.05).This implies an increase in the yield of cocoa production vis-à-vis the adoption of environmental hazards preventive measures among the Nigeria cocoa farmers

Preventive Measures Adopted by Nigerian Farmers for the Environmental Hazards in Cocoa Plantations

The study investigated the adoption of environmental hazards preventive measures among cocoa farmers in Nigeria. It specifically identified and evaluated the preventive measures adopted by the farmers against environmental hazards associated with cocoa farming. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 600 respondents from five geo-political zones where cocoa is commercially grown in the country. Results revealed that cocoa farming was dominated by male farmers (94%) with a mean age of 48.6±14.0 years, while 81.5% were literate. Fifteen environmental hazards preventive measures were adopted by the farmers, of which the highest adopted preventive measures were hygiene practices on the farm (48.8%) and use of disease resistant varieties (48%). The farmers indicated that they (61.5%) never allowed crops to be less vulnerable, 57.8% never adhered to cocoa certification procedure and55.7% never practiced integrated pest management techniques. On the whole, however, 28.8% fell into high adoption category. The study further showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between adoption of environmental hazards preventive measures and farmers’ yield at (r = 0.936; p<0.05).This implies an increase in the yield of cocoa production vis-à-vis the adoption of environmental hazards preventive measures among the Nigeria cocoa farmers

Quality of Type 2 Diabetes Management in the States of The Co-Operation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf: A Systematic Review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing, worldwide public health concern. Recent growth has been particularly dramatic in the states of The Co-operation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), and these and other developing economies are at particular risk. We aimed to systematically review the quality of control of type 2 diabetes in the GCC, and the nature and efficacy of interventions. We identified 27 published studies for review. Studies were identified by systematic database searches. Medline and Embase were searched separately (via Dialog and Ovid, respectively; 1950 to July 2010 (Medline), and 1947 to July 2010 (Embase)) on 15/07/2009. The search was updated on 08/07/2010. Terms such as diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and Gulf States were used. Our search also included scanning reference lists, contacting experts and hand-searching key journals. Studies were judged against pre-determined inclusion/exclusion criteria, and where suitable for inclusion, data extraction/quality assessment was achieved using a specifically-designed tool. All studies wherein glycaemic-, blood pressure- and/or lipid- control were investigated (clinical and/or process outcomes) were eligible for inclusion. No limitations on publication type, publication status, study design or language of publication were imposed. We found the extent of control to be sub-optimal and relatively poor. Assessment of the efficacy of interventions was difficult due to lack of data, but suggestive that more widespread and controlled trial of secondary prevention strategies may have beneficial outcomes. We found no record of audited implementation of primary preventative strategies and anticipate that controlled trial of such strategies would also be useful

Farmers' perceived effects of climate change in cocoa production in Kwara State

The effects of climate change in Nigeria are already being felt as the frequency and intensity of extreme events like droughts and floods have increased. In mature cocoa plants, water deficit and excess result in low yield and increase the level of capsid and black-pod damage. Cocoa seedling mortality is encouraged by prolonged dry season due to changes in climate. The study investigated the perceived effects of climate change on cocoa seedling growth, flowering, pod development, yield, leaves, tree, insect pest and disease occurrence. It examined perceived climatic factors and amount realized from cocoa beans in Kwara State. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 60 cocoa farmers from three out of eight Local Government Areas producing cocoa in the study area. Interview schedule instrument was used in data collection and analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results revealed that most (60%) of the farmers believed climate change retards cocoa seedling growth and lead to death. Half (50%) of them opined that climate change delays flowering of cocoa. Majority (70%) perceived it to delay pod development resulting in low yield. In terms of insect pest and diseases occurrence, 51.7 percent indicated that climate change altered crop yield and losses in cocoa farms. Many farmers (58.3%) feel it makes cocoa leaves to be abundant while more of them 65% claimed that climate change retards tree development for optimum production. However, 61.7% had high perception about the effect of climate change on cocoa production. Low Rainfall accounting for 61.7% was observed to be the main climatic factor contributing to climate change in the study area. The revenue realized from sales of cocoa beans was statistically related to farmers’ perceived effect of climate change on cocoa production (r = -0.412, p = 0.001 at p<0.05). The farmers’ perception of climate change is a reflection of the global problems posed by variations in weather impacting food production and income. There is need for concerted efforts that will mitigate the effects of climate change on cocoa production

Analysis of farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Cocoa Production in Kwara State

Changing climate and weather patterns are predicted to have severe negative impacts on food production, food security and natural resources in the immediate and coming years. Climate change alters the development of cocoa pods, insect pests and pathogens which translate into lower crop yields and impact farm income. This study examined the climate change adaptation strategies of farmers on cocoa production practices. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 60 cocoa farmers from three out of eight Local Government Areas (LGAs) producing cocoa in Kwara State. Interview schedule was used in data collection and analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results reveal that 60.7% of the farmers were male. Majority (59.9%) of the farmers were between middle and old age with farming experience of 21-30 years and farm size of mainly between 0.4-2.7 hectares. Most farmers (85%) observed an extension beyond the normal dry months of November to February. This situation could have some implications on cocoa production. The main climate change strategies adopted by farmers include praying for rain (86.7%), use of improved varieties, (81.7%), climate prediction (76.7%), changes in cropping pattern and agro-forestry (75% each), control of soil erosion (73.3%) and fertilizer application (60%). Inadequate irrigation, 41.7% and crop diversification, 36.7%; constituted minor strategies. The cocoa production practices still adopted were weeding, 98.3%; seedling planting, 96.7%; insect pest and diseases control, 95%; bush clearing, 93.3%; fermentation and drying, 91.7%; tree felling, 88.4%; pruning, 85% and burning before planting, 70%. However, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMC) showed that a significant relationship existed between age of cocoa farm (0.016) and cocoa production practices at P<0.05. Cocoa farmers’ climate change strategies (0.121) were not statistically related with cocoa production practices at P< 0.05. Most of the strategies and practices currently used by farmers should be improved upon to ensure appropriate agronomic practices and adaptation to changes in climate

Analysis of farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Cocoa Production in Kwara State

Changing climate and weather patterns are predicted to have severe negative impacts on food production, food security and natural resources in the immediate and coming years. Climate change alters the development of cocoa pods, insect pests and pathogens which translate into lower crop yields and impact farm income. This study examined the climate change adaptation strategies of farmers on cocoa production practices. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 60 cocoa farmers from three out of eight Local Government Areas (LGAs) producing cocoa in Kwara State. Interview schedule was used in data collection and analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results reveal that 60.7% of the farmers were male. Majority (59.9%) of the farmers were between middle and old age with farming experience of 21-30 years and farm size of mainly between 0.4-2.7 hectares. Most farmers (85%) observed an extension beyond the normal dry months of November to February. This situation could have some implications on cocoa production. The main climate change strategies adopted by farmers include praying for rain (86.7%), use of improved varieties, (81.7%), climate prediction (76.7%), changes in cropping pattern and agro-forestry (75% each), control of soil erosion (73.3%) and fertilizer application (60%). Inadequate irrigation, 41.7% and crop diversification, 36.7%; constituted minor strategies. The cocoa production practices still adopted were weeding, 98.3%; seedling planting, 96.7%; insect pest and diseases control, 95%; bush clearing, 93.3%; fermentation and drying, 91.7%; tree felling, 88.4%; pruning, 85% and burning before planting, 70%. However, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMC) showed that a significant relationship existed between age of cocoa farm (0.016) and cocoa production practices at P<0.05. Cocoa farmers’ climate change strategies (0.121) were not statistically related with cocoa production practices at P< 0.05. Most of the strategies and practices currently used by farmers should be improved upon to ensure appropriate agronomic practices and adaptation to changes in climate