Radio galaxies - the TeV challenge

Over the past decade, our knowledge of the \gamma-ray sky has been revolutionized by ground- and space-based observatories by detecting photons up to several hundreds of tera-electron volt (TeV) energies. A major population of the $\gamma$-ray bright objects are active galactic nuclei (AGN) with their relativistic jets pointed along our line-of-sight. Gamma-ray emission is also detected from nearby mis-aligned AGN such as radio galaxies. While the TeV-detected radio galaxies (TeVRad) only form a small fraction of the \gamma-ray detected AGN, their multi-wavelength study offers a unique opportunity to probe and pinpoint the high-energy emission processes and sites. Even in the absence of substantial Doppler beaming TeVRad are extremely bright objects in the TeV sky (luminosities detected up to 10^{45} erg/s), and exhibit flux variations on timescales shorter than the event-horizon scales (flux doubling timescale less than 5 minutes). Thanks to the recent advancement in the imaging capabilities of high-resolution radio interferometry (millimeter very long baseline interferometry, mm-VLBI), one can probe the scales down to less than 10 gravitational radii in TeVRad, making it possible not only to test jet launching models but also to pinpoint the high-energy emission sites and to unravel the emission mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the high-energy observations of TeVRad with a focus on the emitting sites and radiation processes. Some recent approaches in simulations are also sketched. Observations by the near-future facilities like Cherenkov Telescope Array, short millimeter-VLBI, and high-energy polarimetry instruments will be crucial for discriminating the competing high-energy emission models.Comment: Invited review article, submitted to Galaxies; 28 pages, 8 figure

An Approach to Find Missing Values in Medical Datasets

Mining medical datasets is a challenging problem before data mining researchers as these datasets have several hidden challenges compared to conventional datasets.Starting from the collection of samples through field experiments and clinical trials to performing classification,there are numerous challenges at every stage in the mining process. The preprocessing phase in the mining process itself is a challenging issue when, we work on medical datasets. One of the prime challenges in mining medical datasets is handling missing values which is part of preprocessing phase. In this paper, we address the issue of handling missing values in medical dataset consisting of categorical attribute values. The main contribution of this research is to use the proposed imputation measure to estimate and fix the missing values. We discuss a case study to demonstrate the working of proposed measure.Comment: 7 pages,ACM Digital Library, ICEMIS September 201

S5 0716+714 : GeV variability study

The GeV observations by Fermi-LAT give us the opportunity to characterize the high-energy emission (100 MeV - 300 GeV) variability properties of the BL Lac object S5 0716+714. In this study, we performed flux and spectral analysis of more than 3 year long (August 2008 to April 2012) Fermi-LAT data of the source. During this period, the source exhibits two different modes of flux variability with characteristic timescales of ~75 and ~140 days, respectively. We also notice that the flux variations are characterized by a weak spectral hardening. The GeV spectrum of the source shows a clear deviation from a simple power law, and is better explained by a broken power law. Similar to other bright Fermi blazars, the break energy does not vary with the source flux during the different activity states. We discuss several possible scenarios to explain the observed spectral break.Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research journa

Diplomasi Palestina Menjadi Negara Pengamat Non- Anggota Di Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa (Pbb) Tahun 2011-2012

This research aimed to describe how Palestine movement to get independence and recognition from all above United Nations member state. In this research will explain the progess of Palestine‟s Authority to become non-member observer state in United Nations. Authority of Palestine was the Palestine‟s people representation that had right to vote and right to submit point of view at International forum. Palestine Liberazation Organization (PLO) take important role for Palestine movement. In any relations, especially foreign relations, Palestine had some of good attitude. But all of Palestine disputes with Israel hamper the independence of Palestine.Researcher analyzed this case using qualitative methods to find data and facts through some literature. The literature collected from books, journals, mass media and websites. Researcher use realism perspective. The level analysis of the research is nation-state and also use International cooperation theory by K.J. Holsti.From this research it can be seen, Palestine used some steps toward International rezime. There are three steps that will shown in this research. First, by using confference diplomacy, under Mahmoud Abbas rezime as President of Palestine‟s Authority used diplomatic relations with other nation state with delivery speech in front of the forum. Second steps with parlementary diplomacy made Palestine as a non-member observer state in United Nations after 67th general assembly at 44th panel discussion on November 29th, 2012. This result supported by 138 countries, rejected by 9 countries, 41 counstries abstain, and 5 countries absen. The last step from Palestine movement for recognition by using International organization. This seen when Palestine joined as a full membership of UNESCO. Also use of „state of Palestine” in any diplomatic relations and International organization