Biomarcadores del estado inflamatorio: nexo de unión con la obesidad y complicaciones asociadas

El objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en realizar una revisión de los biomarcadores que actualmente se proponen como el nexo de unión entre la inflamación, la obesidad y complicaciones asociadas, seleccionando los estudios llevados a cabo y las cuestiones pendientes. Cada vez hay mayor evidencia científica de que la inflamación puede jugar un papel importante en la etiología de diversas enfermedades crónicas de gran relevancia para la salud pública. En los últimos años, distintos estudios han sugerido que la obesidad podría ser un desorden inflamatorio. Asimismo, el estrés oxidativo se ha propuesto como un potencial inductor de la inflamación y de la susceptibilidad a la obesidad y patología asociadas. Entre los biomarcadores relacionados con la obesidad, la resistencia insulínica, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el síndrome metabólico se encuentran: el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa, interleuquinas 6 y 18, angiotensinógeno, factor de crecimiento TGF-beta, inhibidor de la activación del plasminógeno, leptina, resistina, proteína C reactiva, amiloide A, ácido siálico, marcadores de disfunción endotelial (factor von Willebrand, ICAMs, vCAMs) factor 3 del sistema del complemento, haptoglobina, glicoproteína zinc-alfa2, eotaxina, visfatina, apelina, alfa1-antitripsina, vaspina, omentina, proteína transportadora de retinol 4, ceruloplasmina, adiponectina y desnutrina. Algunos de estos biomarcadores son buenos predictores de riesgo cardiovascular (inhibidor de la activación de plasminógeno 1, angiotensinógeno, fibrinógeno, ácido siálico, factor 3 del complemento y proteína C reactiva), adiposidad (leptina, visfatina, resistina, haptoglobina) y/o resistencia insulínica (ácido siálico, proteína C reactiva, inhibidor de la activación de plasminógeno 1, factor von Willebrand). Sin embargo, todavía queda por dilucidar el papel de muchos de ellos en la etiología de la obesidad y comorbilidades asociadas en humanos, así como los factores implicados en su regulación

Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely related to central adiposity as well as to metabolic and oxidative stress markers in healthy young adults

BACKGROUND: Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) has been assumed as a useful tool to assess the relationship between the cumulative antioxidant food capacity and several chronic disorders. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the potential relationships of dietary TAC with adiposity, metabolic and oxidative stress markers in healthy young adults. METHODS: This study enrolled 266 healthy subjects (105 men/ 161 women; 22 ± 3 years-old; 22.0 ± 2.7 kg/m2). Dietary intake, anthropometry, blood pressure, lifestyle features, and biochemical data were assessed with validated procedures. RESULTS: In linear regression analyses, dietary TAC values were inversely associated with glycemia, total cholesterol:HDL-c ratio, triglycerides and oxidized-LDL concentrations, and positively associated with HDL-c concentrations, independently of gender, age, smoking status, physical activity, vitamin use supplement, waist circumference, energy intake, fatty acid intake. In addition, plasma TAC was negatively correlated with ox-LDL concentrations (r= -0.20, P = 0.003), independently of the assessed confounding variables. Finally, dietary TAC values were inversely related to waist circumference values (r= -0.17, P = 0.005) as well as to lower mild central obesity occurrence (waist circumference ≥ 80/ 94 cm for women/ men, respectively). CONCLUSION: Dietary TAC values are inversely associated with glucose and lipid biomarkers as well as with central adiposity measurements in healthy young adults, indicating dietary TAC as a useful tool to assess the health benefits of cumulative antioxidant capacity from food intake. In addition, the independent and inverse relationships of ox-LDL concentrations with dietary and plasma TAC respectively suggest a putative role of antioxidant rich-diet in the link between redox state and atherogenesis at early stage

Hypothesis-oriented food patterns and incidence of hypertension: 6-year follow-up of the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort

Objective To study the association between adherence to several a priori-defined healthy food patterns and the risk of hypertension. Design Prospective, multipurpose, dynamic cohort study (recruitment permanently open). We followed up 10 800 men and women (all of them university graduates), who were initially free of hypertension, for a variable period (range 2–6 years, median 4·6 years). During follow-up, 640 participants reported a new medical diagnosis of hypertension. Baseline diet was assessed using a validated 136-item FFQ. Validated information about non-dietary potential confounders was also gathered. We calculated adherence to fifteen different hypothesis-oriented food patterns and assessed the association between each of them and incident hypertension using multivariable Cox models. Setting The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra – University of Navarra Follow-up) Project, Spain. Subjects Participants recruited to the SUN cohort before October 2005 were eligible for inclusion; after excluding those with self-reported hypertension or CVD at baseline, or with extreme total energy intake, data of 10 800 were analysed. Results Higher adherence to the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet (range of the score: 0 to 5) was significantly associated with a lower risk for developing hypertension (P for trend = 0·02). The other food patterns showed no significant association with incident hypertension. Conclusions Our results support a long-term protection of the DASH diet against the incidence of hypertension, but we found no evidence of a similar inverse association with hypertension for any other a priori-defined healthy food pattern

Dietary total antioxidant capacity: a novel indicator of diet quality in healthy young adults

Background: Overall diet quality measurements have been suggested as a useful tool to assess diet-disease relationships. Oxidative stress has been related to the development of obesity and other chronic diseases. Furthermore, antioxidant intake is being considered as protective against cell oxidative damage and related metabolic complications. Objective: To evaluate potential associations between the dietary total antioxidant capacity of foods (TAC), the energy density of the diet, and other relevant nutritional quality indexes in healthy young adults. Methods: Several anthropometric variables front 153 healthy participants (20.8 +/- 2.7 years) included in this study were measured. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire, which was also used to calculate the dietary TAG and for daily energy intake adjustment. Results: Positive significant associations were found between dietary TAG and Mediterranean energy density hypothesis oriented dietary scores (Mediterranean Diet Score, Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, Modified Mediterranean Diet Score), non-Mediterranean hypothesis oriented dietary scores (Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index. Diet Quality Index-International, Diet Quality Index-Revised), and diversity of food intake indicators (Recommended Food Score, Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity in terms of total energy intake). The Mediterranean Diet Quality Index and Diet Quality Index scores (a Mediterranean and a non Mediterranean hypothesis oriented dietary score, respectively), whose lower values refer to a higher diet quality, decreased with higher values of dietary TAG. Energy density was also inversely associated with dietary TAG. Conclusion: These data suggest that dietary TAG, as a measure of antioxidant intake, may also be a potential marker of diet quality in healthy subjects, providing a novel approach to assess the role of antioxidant intake on health promotion and diet-based therapies

Dietary total antioxidant capacity and obesity in children and adolescents

Dietary antioxidant intake has been suggested to protect against oxidative damage and related clinical complications. The aim of this study was to assess the potential relationships between the dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and obesity-related features in children and adolescents. Anthropometric variables from 369 children and adolescents were measured (184 obese and 185 control). A validated food-frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the TAC and the daily nutrient and energy intake. Dietary TAC showed positive associations with fiber, folic acid, magnesium, and vitamins A, C and E. BMI, SDS-BMI and total body fat were inversely associated with dietary TAC only in obese subjects. These data suggest that dietary TAC may be a potential indicator of the risk to develop obesity-related features and could be considered as a useful method in assessing antioxidant intake

Total antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress after a 10-week dietary intervention program in obese children

Dietary and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are considered appropriate tools for investigating the potential healthy effects of dietary antioxidants consumed in mixed diets. The aim was to analyse the impact of a dietary intervention on macronutrient intakes and to evaluate the improvement on oxidative status after weight loss (WL) by measuring dietary and serum TAC, and urinary F2-isoprostane levels as markers of oxidative stress. Forty-four overweight/obese children (mean age 11.5yr) were enrolled to undergo a 10-week WL program. They were dichotomized at the median of Body Mass Index-Standard Deviation Score (BMI-SDS) change, as high (HR) and low responders (LR) after intervention. Subjects were prescribed a fixed full-day meal diet, calculated according to their basal metabolic rate and physical activity levels. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was used to retrospectively calculate TAC and daily nutrient intake. The HR subjects were able to reduce anthropometric indices and to improve lipid and glucose profile. They also significantly diminished fat intake (p=0.013). Moreover, baseline serum TAC values did significantly predict the reduction in urinary F2 isoprostane [B= -0.236 (-0.393 to -0.078); p=0.014] in the HR group after the WL program. Notably, changes in dietary TAC after the treatment were associated with a decrease in body weight after the 10-week intervention [B=-2.815 (-5.313 to -0.318), p=0.029] in the HR group. The -SerumTAC/DietaryTAC and the -F2Isoprostane/DietaryTAC ratios revealed that the relationships between oxidative markers and antioxidants dietary intake were more favourable in the HR than in the LR group. Conclusion: Our study showed that a 10-week WL program was able to reduce adiposity indices in obese children. Moreover, after the intervention changes in dietary TAC and WL were significantly associated. Our result suggests that specific food with a high TAC content (such as fruits, vegetables and legumes) could be recommended to improve WL