TOTAL PHENOL, FLAVONOID AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF AURICULARIA AURICULA-JUDAE

Objective: From ancient times, Auricularia auricula has been used as food and also as herbal medicine in China. The hot water extract of Auricularia auricula fruiting bodies were evaluated for free radical scavenging potency, total phenol and flavonoid content.Methods: The antioxidant property was investigated using different in vitro assays such as, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid]), DMPD (Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine) radical scavenging assay, reducing power, phenanthroline assay, lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte hemolysis inhibition assays and also subjected to analyse total phenol, flavonoid levels and total antioxidant capacity by phospho- molybdenum assay.Results: The levels of total phenol and flavonoid were found to be 8.94 mg CE/g, 3.49 mg RE/g respectively. The EC50 values are<10 mg/ml in all the assays which indicate its strong scavenging activities. The antioxidant activity was found to be concentration-dependent. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between the concentrations tested.Conclusion: These results suggest that Auricularia auricula mushrooms are good scavengers of ABTS, DMPD radicals, reducer of ferric ions, and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte hemolysis. Thus, it could potentially be used as a source of bioactive compounds.Â

BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA

Objective: Auricularia polytricha is a most popular edible and medicinal fungus in China and other Asian countries because of its high nutritionalvalue and good taste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potency, total phenol, and flavonoid content in the hot water extractof A. polytricha fruiting bodies.Methods: The antioxidant property was investigated using various in vitro chemical and biological models such as 2, 2'-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonicacid],dimethyl-4-phenylenediamineradicalscavengingassay,cupric reducingantioxidantcapacityassay,phosphomolybdenumreducingantioxidantpowerassay,β-carotenebleaching and lipid peroxidationinhibition assays.Results: A. polytricha exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner with lower ECvalues in all scavenging assays. A considerableamount of secondary metabolites such as phenol and flavonoids were observed in the extract.50 Conclusion: The results demonstrated that A. polytricha has a potential significance for seeking new natural antioxidant agents against oxidativestress.Keywords: β-carotene bleaching, Free radicals scavenging, Lipid peroxidation, Total phenols, Total flavonoids, Wood ear mushrooms

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS IN THE FRUITING BODIES OF HERICUM ERINACEUS PERS, AN EDIBLE MUSHROOM

Objectives: Hericium is a genus of mushrooms in the Hericiaceae family. Hericium erinaceus has been used for the treatment of various diseases for over 2000 y in China. The study investigated the bioactive components and antioxidant properties of the hot water extract from the fruiting body of H. erinaceus.Methods: The hot water extract of H. erinaceus was estimated for antioxidant potency using different analysis, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay, metal ion chelation, erythrocyte hemolysis inhibition assay and compared with the reference standards. Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and total antioxidant capacity were also determined using spectrophotometric methods.Results: H. erinaceus showed concentration dependent activity in all the assays with following EC50 values. DPPH (EC50= 2.13 mg/ml), FRAP (EC50= 7.57 mg/ml), CUPRAC (EC50= 0.97 mg/ml), ferrous ion chelation (EC50= 2.31 mg/ml) and erythrocytes hemolysis inhibition (EC50= 4.88 mg/ml). The total phenolic and flavonoid content in H. erinaceus was found to be 8.77 mg GAE/g and 5.62 mg RE/g respectively.Conclusion: It was concluded that the hot water extract of the H. erinaceus exhibit potent free radical scavenging activity and can be used as natural antioxidants owing to their significant antioxidant activity.Keywords: Antioxidant, Scavenging activity, Free radicals, Reducing power, Hericium erinaceus pers, Total flavonoids, Total phenolic

Prednisolone-Induced Predisposition to Femoral Head Separation and the Accompanying Plasma Protein Changes in Chickens

Femoral head separation (FHS) is an idiopathic bone problem that causes lameness and production losses in commercial poultry. In a model of prednisolone-induced susceptibility to FHS, the changes in plasma proteins and peptides were analyzed to find possible biomarkers. Plasma samples from control and FHS-susceptible birds were depleted of their high abundance proteins by acetonitrile precipitation and were then subjected to cation exchange and reverse-phase (RP) fractionations. Analysis with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed several differentially expressed peptides, two of which were isolated by RP-HPLC and identified as the fragments of apolipoprotein A-I. The acetonitrile fractionated plasma proteins were subjected to reduction/alkylation and trypsin digestion followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, which showed the absence of protocadherin 15, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, and certain transcription and ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic factors in FHS-prone birds. It appears that prednisolone-induced dyslipidemia, vascular, and tissue adhesion problems may be consequential to FHS. Validity of these biomarkers in our model and the natural disease must be verified in future using traditional approaches. Biomarker Insights Lameness because of femoral head separation (FHS) is a production and welfare problem in the poultry industry. Selection against FHS requires identification of the birds with subclinical disease with biomarkers from a source such as blood. Prednisolone can induce femoral head problems and predisposition to FHS. Using this experimental model, we analyzed the plasma peptides and proteins from normal and FHS-prone chickens by mass spectrometry to identify differentially expressed peptides and proteins. We found two peptides, both derived from apolipoprotein A-I, quantitatively elevated and two proteins, protocadherin 15 and VEGF-C, that were conspicuously absent in FHS-susceptible birds

Nutritional Supplement of Hatchery Eggshell Membrane Improves Poultry Performance and Provides Resistance against Endotoxin Stress

<div><p>Eggshells are significant part of hatchery waste which consist of calcium carbonate crust, membranes, and proteins and peptides of embryonic origins along with other entrapped contaminants including microbes. We hypothesized that using this product as a nutritional additive in poultry diet may confer better immunity to the chickens in the paradigm of mammalian milk that enhances immunity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of hatchery eggshell membranes (HESM) as a short term feed supplement on growth performance and immunity of chickens under bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged condition. Three studies were conducted to find the effect of HESM supplement on post hatch chickens. In the first study, the chickens were fed either a control diet or diets containing 0.5% whey protein or HESM as supplement and evaluated at 5 weeks of age using growth, hematology, clinical chemistry, plasma immunoglobulins, and corticosterone as variables. The second and third studies were done to compare the effects of LPS on control and HESM fed birds at 5 weeks of age following at 4 and 24 h of treatment where the HESM was also sterilized with ethanol to deplete bacterial factors. HESM supplement caused weight gain in 2 experiments and decreased blood corticosterone concentrations. While LPS caused a significant loss in body weight at 24 h following its administration, the HESM supplemented birds showed significantly less body weight loss compared with the control fed birds. The WBC, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and the levels of IgG were low in chickens fed diets with HESM supplement compared with control diet group. LPS challenge increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene IL-6 but the HESM fed birds showed its effect curtailed, also, which also, favored the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes compared with control diet fed chickens. Post hatch supplementation of HESM appears to improve performance, modulate immunity, and increase resistance of chickens to endotoxin.</p></div

Study 3.

<p>The expression of splenic genes quantified by RT-PCR in birds fed with or without HESM and treated with LPS or saline for 4 h (n = 6).</p

Juniperus communis L. var. montana Ait.

原著和名: リシリビャクシン科名: ヒノキ科 = Cupressaceae採集地: 北海道 天塩郡 幌延町 問寒別 ヌポロマッポロ沢 (北海道 天塩 幌延町 問寒別 ヌポロマッポロ沢)採集日: 1976/6/8採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH028685国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-97868

Hematology profiles of chickens fed control or diets containing HESM supplement and treated with LPS, Study 2 (n = 12).

<p>Hematology profiles of chickens fed control or diets containing HESM supplement and treated with LPS, Study 2 (n = 12).</p

Serum clinical chemistry variables of 5 week-old chickens fed with regular diet or the diet supplemented with 0.5% HESM, and challenged with LPS, Study 2, (n = 12).

<p>Serum clinical chemistry variables of 5 week-old chickens fed with regular diet or the diet supplemented with 0.5% HESM, and challenged with LPS, Study 2, (n = 12).</p

Serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and corticosterone levels of chickens fed regular NRC diet or diets supplemented with ethanol sterilized HESM and challenged with LPS for 24 h, Study 2 (n = 12).

<p>Serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and corticosterone levels of chickens fed regular NRC diet or diets supplemented with ethanol sterilized HESM and challenged with LPS for 24 h, Study 2 (n = 12).</p