Effect of protein depletion on urinary nitrogen excretion in undernourished subjects

The extent of labile protein stores and their response to protein feeding was studied in undernourished adult subjects. Urinary nitrogen excretion following 3 levels of protein intake (62, 82 and 96 g/day), each protein period alternated with a protein-free diet, was studied in 4 apparently healthy but undernourished young men. Urinary nitrogen with a protein-free diet decreased to a nearly steady value within 2 to 3 days. The initial decrease was small, however, indicating poor labile protein stores in these subjects. With diets containing protein considerable nitrogen was retained. The retained nitrogen, however, was not excreted when the subjects were changed over from protein-containing diets to protein-free diets. Endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion in these subjects was not different from that of normal subjects

Amino acid imbalance and tryptophanniacin metabolism: I. Effect of excess leucine on the urinary excretion of tryptophan-niacin metabolites in rats

The effect of feeding excess leucine on the urinary excretion of tryptophan-niacin metabolites and nitrogen was studied in young and adult rats. Urinary excretion of quinolinic acid and N'methylnicotinamide was increased in both young and adult rats when L-leucine was added at 1.5% level to a 9% casein diet. Quinolinic acid excretion was more markedly affected in young rats, whereas N'-methylnicotinamide excretion was more affected in adult rats. Isoleucine counteracted the effect of leucine in young rats. Nitrogen excretion increased on leucine feeding in adult rats but not in young rats. Adult rats fed a jowar (Sorghum vulgare) diet tended to excrete relatively more N'-methylnicotinamide and niacin than when fed a wheat diet

Metal binding to pyridoxal derivatives. An NMR study of the interaction of Eu(III) with pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate

The solution conformations of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate have been investigated using Eu(III) as a nuclear magnetic resonance shift probe. Binding of Eu(III) to pyridoxal phosphate results in the formation of two complexes, at the phosphate group and theo-hydroxy-aldehyde moiety, which are in slow exchange on the nuclear magnetic resonance time-scale. The lanthanide-induced pseudo contact shifts calculated using the McConnell-Robertson equation (J. Chem. Soc. (1950), 22, 1561) are in good agreement with the experimentally observed values for both pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate and lead to a family of closely related conformations

Pattern of nicotinamide nucleotides in the erythrocytes of pellagrins

Nicotinamide nucleotides in the erythrocytes of normal human subjects and of patients suffering from pellagra were separated by paper chromatography and their concentrations determined. Though no differences were observed in the concentration of total nicotinamide nucleotides in erythrocytes of pellagrins and normals, significant differences were observed with regard to concentration of the individual nucleotides. The erythrocytes of pellagrins had significantly higher amounts of NMN than the erythrocytes of normal subjects, while levels of NAD and NADP tended to be lower in the pellagrins as compared to normals

Sustainable food security in India—Domestic production and macronutrient availability

<div><p>India has been perceived as a development enigma: Recent rates of economic growth have not been matched by similar rates in health and nutritional improvements. To meet the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG2) of achieving zero hunger by 2030, India faces a substantial challenge in meeting basic nutritional needs in addition to addressing population, environmental and dietary pressures. Here we have mapped—for the first time—the Indian food system from crop production to household-level availability across three key macronutrients categories of ‘calories’, ‘digestible protein’ and ‘fat’. To better understand the potential of reduced food chain losses and improved crop yields to close future food deficits, scenario analysis was conducted to 2030 and 2050. Under India’s current self-sufficiency model, our analysis indicates severe shortfalls in availability of all macronutrients across a large proportion (>60%) of the Indian population. The extent of projected shortfalls continues to grow such that, even in ambitious waste reduction and yield scenarios, enhanced domestic production alone will be inadequate in closing the nutrition supply gap. We suggest that to meet SDG2 India will need to take a combined approach of optimising domestic production and increasing its participation in global trade.</p></div

HISTOGENESIS OF HUMAN FETAL STOMACH AT VARIOUS GESTATIONAL AGES – AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY: Histogenesis

Objective: Knowledge on timelines of structural and histological development of fetal stomach helps in the diagnosis of abnormalities (duplication cyst of the pylorus, heterotopic pancreatic tissue, etc.,) and weighing interventions as an option. The present study was undertaken to establish the timelines of the developmental process of stomach (e.g., appearance of curvatures, gastric pit, gastric glands, and various cell types) correlating with the gestational age. Methods: Fifty normal, aborted and unclaimed fetuses were obtained from local private and government hospitals observing all formalities. The tissues of 3–5 mm thickness were taken and preserved in 10% formalin for 72 h, followed by tissue processing and staining with hematoxylin eosin and periodic acid Schiff and observations were made under microscope. Results: Lesser and greater curvatures appeared in the first trimester. All the four layers and gastric pits were observed at 16th week, cuboidal epithelium turns columnar and nidus of gastric glands, circular muscular layer submucuosa noted by 18th week, longitudinal layer of muscle appeared at 20th week, parietal, zymogenand mucus neck cells observed by 24th week in fundus, and body oblique muscle was evident by 28th week and near adult pattern seen by 32nd week of gestation. Conclusion: From the available literature, very few studies have reported regarding histogenesis of human fetal stomach in India. The present study is one such to supplement the known data and knowledge regarding histogenesis of human fetal stomach and help in diagnosis and treatment of related congenital anomalies