Uncertainty of Abrupt Motion Tracking Using Hidden Markov Model

Abstract Ever increasing the robust tracking of abrupt motion is a challenging task in computer vision due to its large motion uncertainty. visual tracking in dynamic scenarios refers to establishing the correspondences of the object of interest between the successive frames. It is a fundamental research topic in video analysis and has a variety of potential applications like visual surveillance and video analysis. Tracking approach is divided into two categories deterministic and sampling. We have presented a new approach for robust motion tracking in various scenarios. In this paper, we introduceda hidden markov model to solve the local-trap problem and occlusion. Occlusion means when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer. To estimation of the parameter image object using density grid based normal distribution method is applied. Also, Bayesian filter technique is applied on image object for the purpose of smoothing. In this regard, to reduce the computational cost, less memory, better performance and efficiency. Keyword Abrupt Motion, Bayesian filter, Hidden Markov Model, Point Estimation etc. I. Introduction The robust tracking of abrupt motion is a challenging task in computer vision due to its large motion uncertainty. Visual tracking in dynamic scenarios refers to establishing the correspondences of the object of interest between the successive frames. It is a fundamental research topic in video analysis and has a variety of potential applications, including teleconferencing, gesture recognition, visual surveillance, and motility analysis. Tracking approaches divided into two categories Deterministic and Sampling. At first Deterministic, fast and relatively lower computational cost. The major drawbacks of deterministic for getting trapped in local modes in case of background clutter, distractions, or rapid moving object. The other one, sampling-basedisable to deal with the large motion uncertainty induced by abrupt motions.Earlier works on these lines were proposed by authors isXhuaiuzng Zhou et al hassuggestedto an abrupt motion tracking via intensively adaptive markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling. In this regard, we have astochastic approximation monte Carlo (SAMC) for handling the local-trap problem. In addition, new MCMC sampler for improving sampling efficiency which combines with the SAMC sampling named as Intensively Adaptive -Markov -Chain Monte Carlo (IA-MCMC) sampling. However, SAMC method may cause more computational cost. Reduce the computational cost by introducing a density-grid-based predictive model, Vol: 21, Issue: 2, IEEE Transactions, 2012.This system suffers the major problems are measurement for comparing the tracking accuracy for the target objects with differentsizes.Lower value indicates less local trap problem.Position error includes both mean relativeerror and the standard deviation error. Small value indicates the accurate and stable even usinga small number of samples. To solve this problem we have proposed a Hidden Markov Model on abrupt motio

Reloadable Silk-Hydrogel Hybrid Scaffolds for Sustained and Targeted Delivery of Molecules

Tunable repeated drug administration is often inevitable in a number of pathological cases. Reloadable 3D matrices for sustained drug delivery are predicted as a prospective avenue to realize this objective. This study was directed toward sonication-induced fabrication of novel reloadable <i>Bombyx mori</i> silk fibroin (SF) (4, 6, and 8 wt %) hydrogel, injected within 3D porous (8 wt %) scaffolds. The focus was to develop a dual-barrier reloadable depot system for sustained molecular cargo release. Both the varying SF concentration (4, 6, and 8 wt %) and the sonication time (30, 45, and 60 s) dictated the extent of cross-linking, β-sheet content, and porosity (1–10 μm) influencing the release behavior of model molecules. Release studies of model molecules (trypan blue, TB, 961 Da and bovine serum albumin, BSA, 66 kDa) for 28 days attested that the variations in their molecular weight, the matrix cross-linking density, and the scaffold–hydrogel interactions dictated the release behavior. The Ritger and Peppas equation was further fitted into the release behavior of model molecules from various SF matrices. The hybrid constructs exhibited high compressive strength along with <i>in vitro</i> compatibility using primary porcine chondrocytes and tunable enzymatic degradation as assessed for 28 days. The aptness of the constructs was evinced as a reloadable model molecule (BSA and fluorescein isothiocyanate–inulin, 3.9 kDa) depot system through UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses. The novel affordable platform developed using silk scaffold–hydrogel hybrid constructs could serve as a sustained and reloadable drug depot system for administration of multiple and repeated drugs

Mimicking Form and Function of Native Small Diameter Vascular Conduits Using Mulberry and Non-mulberry Patterned Silk Films

Autologous graft replacement as a strategy to treat diseased peripheral small diameter (≤6 mm) blood vessel is often challenged by prior vein harvesting. To address this issue, we fabricated native-tissue mimicking multilayered small diameter vascular graft (SDVG) using mulberry (<i>Bombyx mori</i>) and Indian endemic non-mulberry (<i>Antheraea assama</i> and <i>Philosamia ricini</i>) silk. Patterned silk films were fabricated on microgrooved PDMS mold, casted by soft lithography. The biodegradable patterned film templates with aligned cell sheets were rolled onto an inert mandrel to mimic vascular conduit. The hemocompatible and mechanically strong non-mulberry films with RGD motif supported ∼1.2 folds greater proliferation of vascular cells with aligned anchorage. Elicitation of minimal immune response on subcutaneous implantation of the films in mice was complemented by ∼45% lower TNF α secretion by in vitro macrophage culture post 7 days. Pattern-induced alignment favored the functional contractile phenotype of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), expressing the signature markerscalponin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC). Endothelial cells (ECs) exhibited a typical punctuated pattern of von Willebrand factor (vWF). Deposition of collagen and elastin by the SMCs substantiated the aptness of the graft with desired biomechanical attributes. Furthermore, the burst strength of the fabricated conduit was in the range of ∼915–1260 mmHg, a prerequisite to withstand physiological pressure. This novel fabrication approach may eliminate the need of maturation in a pulsatile bioreactor for obtaining functional cellular phenotype. This work is thereby an attestation to the immense prospects of exploring non-mulberry silk for bioengineering a multilayered vascular conduit similar to a native vessel in “form and function”, befitting for in vivo transplantation

Biomimetic, Osteoconductive Non-mulberry Silk Fiber Reinforced Tricomposite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Composite biomaterials as artificial bone graft materials are pushing the present frontiers of bioengineering. In this study, a biomimetic, osteoconductive tricomposite scaffold made of hydroxyapatite (HA) embedded in non-mulberry Antheraea assama (A. assama) silk fibroin fibers and its fibroin solution is explored for its osteogenic potential. Scaffolds were physico-chemically characterized for morphology, porosity, secondary structure conformation, water retention ability, biodegradability, and mechanical property. The results revealed a ∼5-fold increase in scaffold compressive modulus on addition of HA and silk fibers to liquid silk as compared to pure silk scaffolds while maintaining high scaffold porosity (∼90%) with slower degradation rates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed deposition of HA crystals on composite scaffolds. Furthermore, the crystallite size of HA within scaffolds was strongly regulated by the intrinsic physical cues of silk fibroin. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies indicated strong interactions between HA and silk fibroin. The fabricated tricomposite scaffolds supported enhanced cellular viability and function (ALP activity) for both MG63 osteosarcoma and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) as compared to pure silk scaffolds without fiber or HA addition. In addition, higher expression of osteogenic gene markers such as collagen I (Col-I), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and bone sialoprotein (BSP) further substantiated the applicability of HA composite silk scaffolds for bone related applications. Immunostaining studies confirmed localization of Col-I and BSP and were in agreement with real-time gene expression results. These findings demonstrate the osteogenic potential of developed biodegradable tricomposite scaffolds with the added advantage of the affordability of its components as bone graft substitute materials