Labour Force Participation and Employment of Humanitarian Migrants: Evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia Longitudinal Data

This study uses the longitudinal data from the Building a New Life in Australia survey to examine the relationships between human capital and labour market participation and employment status among recently arrived/approved humanitarian migrants. It includes attention to the heterogeneity of labour force participation and employment status across genders and also migration pathways. We find that the likelihood of participating in the labour force is higher for those who had preimmigration paid job experience, completed study/job training and have job searching knowledge/skills in Australia and possess higher proficiency in spoken English. We find that the chance of getting a paid job is negatively related to having better pre-immigration education, but it is positively related to having unpaid work experience and job searching skills in Australia, and better health

Migration in an Enlarged EU: A Challenging Solution?

The 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union were unprecedented in a number of economic and policy aspects. This essay provides a broad and in-depth account of the effects of the post-enlargement migration flows on the receiving as well as sending countries in three broader areas: labour markets, welfare systems, and growth and competitiveness. Our analysis of the available literature and empirical evidence shows that (i) EU enlargement had a significant impact on migration flows from new to old member states, (ii) restrictions applied in some of the countries did not stop migrants from coming but changed the composition of the immigrants, (iii) any negative effects in the labour market on wages or employment are hard to detect, (iv) post-enlargement migration contributes to growth prospects of the EU, (v) these immigrants are strongly attached to the labour market, and (vi) they are quite unlikely to be among welfare recipients. These findings point out the difficulties that restrictions on the free movement of workers bring about

Economic Freedom as a Driver for Growth in Transition

This paper reviews the political economy view of economic growth in post-communist economies making the transition to free markets, focusing on the role of economic policy and institutions. We test the hypothesis that better institutions, measured in terms of economic freedom, contribute to growth. The empirical results from the cross-section of transition economies confirm this hypothesis. The paper concludes that non-linearities are present in the growth model and that differences arise depending on how economic well-being is defined

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects

OBJECTIVE—The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) derivative, in healthy male subjects. The secondary objective was to investigate the pharmacodynamics of NN2211. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In a double-blind, randomized dose, escalation, placebo-controlled study, healthy male subjects were enrolled at eight consecutive dose levels (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 µg/kg) with eight subjects per dose level at a 3:1 active:placebo randomization. After subcutaneous dosing with NN2211, 48-h pharmacokinetic, and 24-h glucose, insulin and glucagon profiles were assessed. In addition, three subjects at each dose level were randomly assigned (one placebo/two active) to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) 9 h after the dose (corresponding to the time to maximal plasma concentration of NN2211). RESULTS—After subcutaneous administration, the half-life of NN2211 was found to be 11–15 h. Overall, although there were no statistically significant differences compared with placebo in the area under the curve (0–9 h for insulin or glucagon), there was a borderline- significant lowering of glucose levels (P = 0.066). During the IVGTT, there was a statistically significant increase in insulin secretion (P = 0.0002), but there was no significant effect on glucagon levels. Although no significant effect was observed on glucose levels during the IVGTT, there was a dose-dependent increase in the glucose disappearance constant. Whereas no serious adverse events were observed, there was a higher incidence of adverse events after active treatment compared with placebo treatment (notably headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting). CONCLUSIONS—This study provides evidence that NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing in humansBodil Elbrønd, Grethe Jakobsen, Søren Larsen, Henrik Agersø, Lisbeth Bjerring Jensen, Paul Rolan, Jeppe Sturis, Vibeke Hatorp, and Milan Zdravkovi