Entropy of isolated quantum systems after a quench

A diagonal entropy, which depends only on the diagonal elements of the system's density matrix in the energy representation, has been recently introduced as the proper definition of thermodynamic entropy in out-of-equilibrium quantum systems. We study this quantity after an interaction quench in lattice hard-core bosons and spinless fermions, and after a local chemical potential quench in a system of hard-core bosons in a superlattice potential. The former systems have a chaotic regime, where the diagonal entropy becomes equivalent to the equilibrium microcanonical entropy, coinciding with the onset of thermalization. The latter system is integrable. We show that its diagonal entropy is additive and different from the entropy of a generalized Gibbs ensemble, which has been introduced to account for the effects of conserved quantities at integrability.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, as published (updated supplemental material

In what sense are dogs special? Canine cognition in comparative context

The great increase in the study of dog cognition in the current century has yielded insights into canine cognition in a variety of domains. In this review, we seek to place our enhanced understanding of canine cognition into context. We argue that in order to assess dog cognition, we need toregard dogs from three different perspectives: phylogenetically, as carnivoran and specifically a canid; ecologically, as social, cursorial hunters; and anthropogenically, as a domestic animal. A principled understanding of canine cognition should therefore involve comparing dogs’ cognition with that of other carnivorans, other social hunters, and other domestic animals. This paper contrasts dog cognition with what is known about cognition in species that fit into these three categories, with a particular emphasis on wolves, cats, spotted hyenas, chimpanzees, dolphins, horses, and pigeons. We cover sensory cognition, physical cognition, spatial cognition, social cognition, and self-awareness. Although the comparisons are in-complete, because of the limited range of studies of some of the other relevant species, we conclude that dog cognition is influenced by the membership of all three of these groups, and taking all three groups into account, dog cognition does not look exceptional

CONTRACTS--CONSIDERATION-PERFORMANCE OF ONE ALTERNATlVE WHEN THERE IS DISPUTE AS TO WHICH IS OWED

Defendant issued a membership certificate to one Flowers providing for payment of $5000 in case of accidental death or$500 in case of death due to heart disease. Later Flowers was injured in an automobile accident and died an hour afterward. The beneficiary submitted proofs of loss, including a statement of a physician that death was caused by coronary thrombosis. Shock from auto accident about one hour before death. Defendant sent to the beneficiary a draft for $500 clearly stating on its face that the endorsement of the check would be a settlement in full. After cashing the check, the beneficiary sued for an additional$4500; on appeal from judgment for defendant notwithstanding the verdict, held, reversed. Since defendant paid no more than it admitted was due to plaintiff, there was no consideration to support the attempted accord and satisfaction. One justice dissented. Kellogg v. Iowa State Traveling Men\u27s Assn., (Iowa 1947) 29 N.W. (2d) 559

Temperature influence on the carbon isotopic composition of Orbulina universa and Globigerina bulloides (planktonic foraminifera)

Laboratory experiments with the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa (symbiotic) and Globigerina bulloides (nonsymbiotic) were used to examine the effects of temperature, irradiance (symbiont photosynthesis), [CO32-], [HPO42-], and ontogeny on shell d13C values. In ambient seawater ([CO32-] = 171 mmol kg-1), the d13C of O. universa shells grown under low light (LL) levels is insensitive to temperature and records the d13C value of seawater TCO2. In contrast, the d13C of high light (HL) shells increases ~0.4‰ across 15-25°C (+0.050‰/°C). This suggests that the d13C enrichment due to symbiont photosynthetic activity is temperature-dependent. A comparison of HL O. universa grown in elevated [CO32-] seawater with ambient specimens shows that temperature does not affect the slope of the d13C/[CO32-] relationship previously described [Spero et al., 1997]. The d13C of G. bulloides shells decreases across the 15-24°C temperature range and d13C:temperature slopes decrease with increasing shell size (-0.13, -0.10, and -0.09‰/°C in 11- 12-, and 13-chambered shells, respectively). The pattern of lower d13C values at higher temperatures likely results from the incorporation of more respired CO2 into the shell at higher metabolic rates. The d13C of HL O. universa increases with increased seawater [HPO42-]

The Customer Is Always Right . . . Not!: Employer Liability for Third Party Sexual Harassment

This article will ask a series of questions. What is third party sexual harassment? Under what conditions does it occur? Does it differ in any significant respects from traditional notions of sexual harassment? Should those differences, if any, make a difference in the way that the legal system addresses third party harassment? And indeed, should the problem be addressed solely through the legal system? What might an employer do to alleviate sexual harassment of this type? The thesis of this article is that third party sexual harassment is a prevalent form of harassment that the legal system does not currently nor energetically pursue. At a time of breathtaking workplace change, it is just one more destabilizing, and sometimes traumatizing, obstacle for women and their advancement in the workplace. Exposing third party sexual harassment for what it is will act as a catalyst for more vigorous action, both of a legal and non-legal nature, to eradicate it from the workplace. To that end, the conclusion of this Article will pose some suggestions about remedies that affected victims could pursue. Part I of this article will explore the prevalence of third party harassment, drawing on evidence from a number of different types of workplaces. The purpose of this section is to establish the reality and consequences of third party sexual harassment. In Part II, the response of the legal system to third party sexual harassment will be detailed, beginning with a brief overview of basic sexual harassment doctrine. Part III, on the other hand, will look at the assessment of third party harassment from the point of view of business, and the literature on the role of sexuality in the workplace which forms the basis of an interdisciplinary account of sexual harassment. Suggested directions for the legal doctrine in this area and options for eliminating this form of behavior in the workplace will be suggested. Last, this article will suggest that harassment in any form will not abate until a comprehensive approach to employee dignity is adopted, in which any form of harassment on any basis is deemed inappropriate and illegal