The Economic Status of the Elderly

In the first part of the paper using official data sources, we estimate the real income of the elderly and of the rest of the population during the 1570s. We find that income per household of the elderly has increased more rapidly than income per household of the rest of the population, even though the elderly's fraction of income from work decreased greatly. In the rest of the paper we use the 1969 and 1975 Retirement History Surveys to estimate income, wealth and inflation vulnerability of households whose heads were ages 58 through 63 in 1969. The income data verified the results from the official data. The 1969 wealth data show that a representative person on the eve of retirement has small holdings of financial assets: most of the assets are in housing, Social Security and Medicare. Between 1969 and 1975 real wealth increased slightly on average. There was some tendency for the distribution to tighten. We found that contrary to popular opinion, on average the elderly are not especially vulnerable to a sudden increase in either prices or the rate of inflation. Most of their assets are inflation protected. The wealthy are most vulnerable to inflation.

The Distributional Impact of Social Security

In the first part of the paper we report estimated transfers in the Social Security system for the Retirement History Survey sample.We define transfers to be the difference between the expected presentvalue of benefits less the present value of taxes paid in, where the latter is adjusted for the probability of living to reach retirement age.Unlike previous researchers we, therefore, account for the taxes paid by people who died before retirement, and it turns out this adjustment is important for some groups. The Retirement History Survey cohort will receive large transfers: roughly benefits will be about four times taxes,and the real internal rate of return will be about eight percent. We study how transfers vary by a comprehensive measure of wealth. People in the highest wealth quartile have the largest absolute transfers, and their internal rate of return is as high as that of any wealth quartile.In the second part of the paper we study transfers forsix synthetic cohorts, the heads of which are age 65 in the ten-year intervals 1970 through 2020. Within each cohort 12 families are defined according to earnings levels.We find that transfers are positive and large for the 1970 cohort, and that they decline steadily until they are negative for most groups in the 2020 cohort. Although high earners initially have the largest transfers in the 1970 cohort, they have the largest negative transfers in the 2020 cohort.

The corn enterprise in Iowa

This is the second type of farming bulletin prepared by the Agricultural Economics Section of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. The first one, “Types of Farming in Iowa,” Iowa Experiment Station Bulletin 256,1 analyzes the geographical distribution of the important farm enterprises found in Iowa. It also goes a step further and shows why the farmers in each section of the state have combined their farm enterprises in just the proportions that they have. This bulletin is devoted entirely to the corn enterprise. Other bulletins contemplated for this series will treat small grain and forage crops, including pasture, hogs, the dairy industry and beef cattle. Another series is planned, which will be based upon regional studies of the particular farm organization and management problems found to exist in various parts of the state. Finally, it is hoped that we can prepare and publish a research bulletin for the benefit of other workers in this field, which will give a complete report of the research work done and the analysis made as a foundation for the popular bulletins above enumerated

An Evaluation of the Specialized Professional Physical Education Programs in State Supported Colleges and Universities in North Dakota

This study compared the physical education curricula for undergraduate, male physical education majors at colleges and universities in North Dakota with the curriculum recommended by the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation\u27s Professional Preparation Conference in 1962. The schools studied were Dickinson State College, Mayville State College, Minot State College, North Dakota State University, the University of North Dakota, and Valley City State College. The latest catalogues from the schools were surveyed to determine whether an institution offered a specific course or experience, defined as a minimum of ten regular class sessions, in each of the 51 categories recommended by the Professional Preparation Conference. The survey was verified by the physical education department chairman of each institution. The results indicated that: 1. None of the schools offered the entire recommended curriculum. 2. Only 3 of the 51 recommended categories were required at all of the schools. 3. Four of the 51 recommended categories were not offered in any of the schools. 4. Student teaching was offered and required in all of the schools. It was concluded that the actual training a student received was different in each of the schools

Cropping systems in Iowa past and present

A prospective Iowa farmer wrote to the Agricultural Experiment Station for advice on what crops to grow on a 120-acre farm near Fort Dodge. It is unwise to plan a definite farm program without a thoro understanding of the farm conditions and the ability and resources of the farmer. However, in our reply to this farmer and to others with similar difficulties, we have tried to give suggestions which would help in solving their problems. This bulletin is our answer, not only to this farmer, but to all others who care to think with us in planning their cropping systems

Determination of the wind response of Saturn 5 by statistical methods, volume 1

Statistical analysis of Saturn 5 launch vehicle wind response - Vol.

Anomalous Fermi Liquid Behavior of Overdoped High-Tc Superconductors

According to a generic temperature vs. carrier-doping (T-p) phase diagram of high-temperature superconductors it has been proposed that as doping increases to the overdoped region they approach gradually a conventional (canonical) Fermi Liquid. However, Hall effect measurements in several systems reported by different authors show a still strong \emph{T}-dependence in overdoped samples. We report here electrical transport measurements of Y_{1-x}Ca_{x}Ba_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-delta} thin films presenting a temperature dependence of the Hall constant, R_H, which does not present a gradual transition towards the T-independent behavior of a canonical Fermi Liquid. Instead, the T-dependence passes by a minimum near optimal doping and then increases again in the overdoped region. We discuss the theoretical predictions from two representative Fermi Liquid models and show that they can not give a satisfactory explanation to our data. We conclude that this region of the phase diagram in YBCO, as in most HTSC, is not a canonical Fermi Liquid, therefore we call it Anomalous Fermi Liquid.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.