Application Of Reclaimed Wastewater In The Irrigation Of Rosebushes

The use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture can be a solution for regions with water shortages or low rainfall periods; besides fulfilling the crop's water needs, it would also promote the recycle of nutrients. However, care should be taken regarding soil salinization, especially in closed environments such as greenhouses for the cultivation of ornamental plants. The domestic effluents are rich in sodium which can accumulate on soil and cause soil sealing. This study evaluated the use of effluents from anaerobic filters and intermittent sand filters in the production of rosebushes (Rosa hybrida "Ambiance"). The crop yield of the rosebushes irrigated with reclaimed wastewater exceeded the one obtained with traditional cultivation, reaching a value 31.8 % higher when employing nitrified effluent originated from intermittent sand filters, with no difference in the product quality. The salinity levels are below the critical limits found in the literature; however, there was a significant increase compared to the irrigation with drinking water. © 2013 The Author(s).2249Al-Lahham, O., El Assi, N.M., Fayyad, M., Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit (2003) Agricultural Water Management Journal, 61 (1), pp. 51-62. , 10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00173-7(2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , APHA, AWWA, WEF 21th ed. Washington DC, USAAyres, R.S., Westcot, D.W., (2008) Water Quality for Agriculture, , FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 29 FAO, Rome, ItalyCasarini, E., (2000) Manejo da Irrigação Na Cultura da Roseira Cultivada em Ambiente Protegido. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, , Univ. São Paulo Piracicaba, SPCasarini, E., (2004) Doses de N e K Aplicados Via Fertirrigação Na Cultura da Roseira (Rosa Sp.) em Ambiente Protegido, , Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Univ. São Paulo Piracicaba, SPCabrera, R.I., Effect of NaCl salinity and nitrogen fertilizer formulation on yield and nutrient status of roses (2001) Acta Horticulturae, 547, pp. 255-260. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltFShs7o%3DCararo, D.C., Botrel, T.A., Hills, D.J., Leverenz, H.L., Analysis of clogging in drip emitters during wastewater irrigation (2006) Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 22, pp. 251-257Carr, R.M., Blumenthal, U.J., Mara, D.D., Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture: Developing realistic guidelines (2004) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental RealitiesChow, A., Chau, A., Heinz, K.M., Reducing fertilization for cut roses: Effect on crop productivity and twospotted spider mite abundance, distribution, and management (2009) Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 (5), pp. 1896-1907. , 10.1603/029.102.0521 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlCns73NCoppola, A., Santini, A., Botti, P., Vacca, S., Comegna, V., Severino, G., Methodological approach for evaluating the response of soil hydrological behavior to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (2004) Journal of Hydrology, 292 (1-4), pp. 114-134. , 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.028 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjs1CmsLw%3DCrook, J., Quality criteria for reclaimed water (1991) Water Science and Technology, 24 (9), pp. 109-121. , 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXms1aqurs%3DDe Paula, A.M., Da Fonseca, A.F., Cardoso, E., Melfi, A.J., Microbial metabolic potential affected by surplus wastewater irrigation in tropical soil cultivated with Tifton 85 Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. X C. niemfuensis Vanderyst) (2010) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 205, pp. 161-171. , 10.1007/s11270-009-0063-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFOgtb7MFeigin, A., Ginzburg, C., Gileadi, S., Ackerman, A., Effect of NH4/NO3 ratio in nutrient solution on growth and yield of greenhouse roses (1986) Acta Horticulturae, 189, pp. 127-132Freitas, C.A.S., Silva, A.R.A., Bezerra, F.M.L., Andrade, R.R., Mota, F.S.B., Aquino, B.F., Growth of irrigated sunflower under different water sources and nitrogen fertilization (2012) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 16 (10), pp. 1031-1039. , 10.1590/S1415-43662012001000001Hassanli, A.M., Ebrahimizadeh, M.A., Beecham, S., The effects of irrigation methods with effluent and irrigation scheduling on water use efficiency and corn yield in arid region (2009) Agricultural Water Management, 96 (1), pp. 93-99. , 10.1016/j.agwat.2008.07.004Lavee, D., A cost-benefit analysis of alternative wastewater treatment standards: A case study in Israel (2010) Water and Environment Journal, 25 (4), pp. 504-512. , 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00246.xLubello, C., Gori, R., Nicese, F.P., Ferrini, F., Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation (2004) Water Research, 38 (12), pp. 2939-2947. , 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.037 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFOntbg%3DMonnet, F., Vaillant, N., Hitmi, A., Vernay, P., Coudret, A., Sallanon, H., Treatment of domestic wastewater using the nutrient film technique (NFT) to produce horticultura roses (2002) Water Research, 36, pp. 3489-3496. , 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00058-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlvFOmt7c%3DNirit, B., Asher, B.T., Haya, F., Pini, S., Ilona, R., Amram, C., Marina, I., Application of treated wastewater for cultivation of roses (Rosa hybrida) in soilless culture (2006) Scientia Horticulturae, 108, pp. 185-193. , 10.1016/j.scienta.2006.02.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XisFOqt74%3DPizaro, F., (1990) Riegos Localizados de Alta Frecuencia, , 2 Ediciones Mundi-Prensa MadridRaij, B., Lopes, A.S., Casanova, E., Días-Zorita, M., Integrated nutrient management: Experience from South America (2008) Integrated Nutrient Management for Sustainable Crop Production, pp. 421-466. , M.S. Aulakh C.A. Grant (eds) Haworth LondonRengasamy, P., Olsson, K.A., Sodicity and soil structure (1991) Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29, pp. 935-952. , 10.1071/SR9910935 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitlCmsr4%3DSmirnoff, N., Stewart, G.R., Nitrate assimilation and translocation by higher plants: Comparative physiology and ecological consequences (1985) Physiologia Plantarum, 64, pp. 133-140. , 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02326.x 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXks1yhs7g%3DTonetti, A.L., Coraucci Filho, B., Bertoncini, E.I., Oliveira, R.A., Stefanutti, R., Avaliação de um sistema simplificado de tratamento de esgotos visando a utilização em áreas rurais (2010) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 14 (2), pp. 227-234. , 10.1590/S1415-43662010000200015Woodson, W.R., Boodley, J.W., Effects of nitrogen form and potassium concentration on growth, flowering and nitrogen utilization of greenhouse roses (1982) Journal of American Society of Science, 107 (2), pp. 275-278. , 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XktVGhu7s%3

Caracterization Of Domestic Wastewater And Use Of Hidrograns To Evaluation Of An Alternative Treatment Systen [caracterização Do Esgoto Bruto E Emprego De Hidrogramas Para Aualiação De Um Sistema Alternativo De Tratamento De Águas Residuárias]

According to IBGE (2000) 73% of the 5560 Brazilian municipalities have a population smaller than 20,000 inhabitants. The majority of domestic wastewater of these places is disposed in rivers with no treatment, causing damage to health and the environment. This problem can be reduced by applying symple treatment systems, like an anaerobic filter combined with sand filters. This association would also be able to produce an effluent that could be disposed in rivers or even be reused, safeguarding the potable water sources. So, researchers from Unicamp started to study this system doing the caracterization of the wastewater and analysing the hidrograns generated by the sand filters.19114615

Wastewater treatment by anaerobic filter and sand filter: hydraulic loading rates for removing organic matter, phosphorus, pathogens and nitrogen in tropical countries

This study evaluated a wastewater treatment system combining anaerobic filters and sand filters, focusing on the suitability of such system to remove solids, organic matter, phosphorus, and pathogens, as well as the nitrification efficiency of the sand filters employed. The anaerobic filters were filled with shells of coconuts of the species Cocos nucifera, while the sand filters included 0.75-meter deep sand beds,exposed to hydraulic loading rates ranging from 100 to 800 L m−2 day−1. As a result, we could ascertain that the system has the capacity to receive rates above those suggested as the maximum threshold by a Brazilian standard, namely ABNT (1997), and the U.S. standard (USEPA, 1999). A minimum removal of 95% of COD and BOD was found, regardless of the hydraulic loading rates used. The only parameter evaluated that showed a significant difference in the means found was nitrogen. At a hydraulic loading rate of 700 L m−2 day−1, the concentration of NNH4+surpassed that of nitrate, pointing to the loss of nitrification efficiency. On account of this, this compound should be considered the reference parameter to ascertain the hydraulic loading threshold connected to the anaerobic effluents flown into sand filters82583589CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS - FINEPFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPES

Pós-treatment Of Wastewater Of Anaerobic Lagoon Using Irrigation [pós-tratamento Do Efluente Doméstico De Uma Lagoa Anaeróbia Utilizando Um Sistema De Irrigação Por Sulcos]

The reuse of domestic effluent in agriculture appears as an excellent alternative of destination of treated effluent, because it has advantageous physical and chemical characteristics to agriculture. This research had the proposal to reuse the domestic effluent of an anaerobic lagoon, with an approximate BOD removal efficiency of 50%. Also, the lagoon system allows a reduction in eggs of helminths and protozoan. Reuse was achieved through an irrigation system with flat ridges. The main objective of the research was the determination of adequate application rates of treated effluent to land, according to the best sanitary and agronomic engineering practices, protecting the underground water and having good agricultural production. Three different rates were studied, corresponding to depths of irrigation of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.60 m. The sanitary study was carried out by extracting and analyzing samples from collectors placed in depths of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m, with only effluent, water plus fertilizer, and only water as irrigation feed. The concentrations gotten for nitrate had exceeded the limit of 10 mg.L -1 in 55% of the collected samples, what indicates that the nitrate, in some occasions, is leached in concentrations above the allowed one for the standards of drinking water. The concentrations gotten for nitrit had also exceeded the limit of 1.0 mg.L -1 in agreement with the Resolution 1469/2000 of the Health Department. Such fact occurred in the parcels irrigated both with effluent and water. Moreover, it was observed a reduction around 95% of DBO and 90% of DQO in relation to the effluent applied (DBO of 161 mg.L -1 and DQO of 408 mg.L -1). In relation to the microbiology, the results indicate the presence of total coliforms in the solution of the ground, both in the parcels irrigated with effluent, and with water plus fertilizer. In relation to E. coli, a concentration of the 7.59. 10 3 NMP.100 mL -1 is noticed. The absence of these bacteria was also noticed in areas irrigated only with water.1802/03/15778