13 research outputs found
Micromorphology of the model species pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera, Aphididae) with special emphasis on the sensilla structure
The pea aphid complex [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris 1776)] (Hemiptera, Aphididae), listed among the 14 aphid species of
the greatest economic importance, is a globally distributed key pest of pulse crops. Since the pea aphid is a well-studied
model organism, an enormous amount of literature has been published about this species. However, comprehensive
morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused on all body parts of adult viviparous and
sexual generations of A. pisum, are lacking. Thus, we present the first detailed morphological description of all body parts of
adult wingless and winged viviparous females (parthenogenetic generation) as well as oviparous females, winged and
wingless males (sexual generation), representing the most common A. pisum pea biotype. In particular, the sensilla of the
body surface, antennae, mouthparts, legs and male genitalia are mapped by the high-resolution scanning electron microscope.
The morphological diversity of sensilla is discussed in the context of their function and the biology of aphids
Changes over the last ten years in the fauna structure of aphids inhabiting the vegetation of allotment gardens in Poznan
The vegetation of allotment gardens is an important element of urban green areas and
constitutes a habitat where many groups of insects exist, including aphids. This research
involved the monitoring of winged morphs of aphids in allotment gardens in the area of
Poznań with the use of Moericke traps. The fauna structure of aphids in two large allotment
gardens was demonstrated by comparing the activity of winged morphs of aphids in
2000–2001 and 2014–2015. The vegetation of these gardens was accompanied by the rich
fauna of aphids. For four growing seasons, 113 species or groups of aphid species were
captured with the traps. Major changes were reported in the structure of the collected
fauna in the period of time when the research was conducted. The differences concerned
particular positions of collected species in aphid communities. The abundance of Anoecia
corni, Aphis sambuci, Phorodon humuli and Periphyllus testudinaceus increased, and
now hold the position of subdominants of the communities, whereas Myzus persicae and
Hyalopterus pruni decreased in comparison with the situation more than ten years ago.
Rhopalosiphum padi still remains an eudominant in the communities. The main reason for
this phenomenon is thought to be due to changes in the vegetation composition of gardens
because the gardens are being used differently. The production function has changed to
recreation
Morphology, biology and behavioral aspects of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Robinia pseudoacacia
The bionomy and ecology of Aphis craccivora on Robinia pseudoacacia was studied. The number of generations per year was determined, as well the lifespan of a generation and fecundity of the females. For the first time the strategy of development of a dangerous pest has been determined which enables it to spread worldwide. A. craccivora is a cosmopolitan species. It is a polyphagous insect settling on over fifty different plant species across nineteen families. It settles on green plants and trees of the Leguminosae family. It is considered to be one of the most important pests of crops causing great losses to yield. The cowpea aphid adapts to changing environmental conditions, particularly to high temperatures as well as to different host plants. Its adaptation strategies can be seen in its biology, morphology and behaviour. The main adjustment is the production of even up to 15 generations per year, high fecundity, ability to form dwarf morphs, and settling not only green plants but also trees. These features enable this species to expand and adjust to new conditions and new plants
Selected Elements of the Biology and Demographic Parameters of the Anholocyclic Species Myzus Ornatus (Laing, 1932)
Walory przyrodnicze i wartość gospodarcza łąk śródleśnych w dolinie rzeki Bukówka
Mid-forest meadows have a high natural value, due to preserving unique
meadow and ecotone biotopes, similar to the natural state. Due to their dissimilarity, they
also had a considerable effect on the functioning of forest ecosystems they border. The
aim of the study conducted in 2006-2010 in the Bukówka river valley was to assess the
natural values of mid-forest meadows with the Oświt method [2000] based on 140
phytosociological records, to estimate the economic value by evaluating dry matter yield
and to calculate the fodder value of sward. Richness and floristic diversity of mid-forest
meadows was observed, resulting mainly from the mosaic character of habitats and
intensity of use. The studied communities from the classes Phragmitetea, Potametea,
Lemnetea, as well as Molinio-Arrhenatheretea generally presented a poor quality, due to
a very late time of cutting and excessive moisture of most habitats.Łąki śródleśne ze względu na zachowanie unikalnych biotopów łąkowych
i ekotonowych, zbliżonych do stanu naturalnego, mają cenne walory przyrodnicze. Poprzez
swoją odmienność wydatnie wpływają też na funkcjonowanie ekosystemów leśnych,
z którymi sąsiadują. Celem badań wykonanych w latach 2006-2010 w dolinie rzeki
Bukówka była ocena walorów przyrodniczych łąk śródleśnych metodą Oświta [2000] na
podstawie 140 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych, określenie wartości gospodarczej przez oszacowanie
plonu suchej masy oraz wyliczenie wartości użytkowej runi. Stwierdzono bogactwo
i różnorodność florystyczną łąk śródleśnych, wynikającą głównie z mozaikowatości siedlisk
i intensywności użytkowania. Wyróżnione zbiorowiska z klasy Phragmitetea, Potametea,
Lemnetea, a także Molinio-Arrhenatheretea na ogół przedstawiały mierną jakość, ze
względu na bardzo późny termin koszenia i nadmierne uwilgotnienie większości siedlisk
Wpływ zmian klimatycznych na sezonową aktywność lotów samców mszyc
In temperate climate zones, where a continental climate prevails, the appearance of males in populations of most aphid species takes place only in the autumn. Holocyclic and heteroecious species typically have winged males obligatorily. In holocyclic and monoecious species, males are not always winged morphs. Photoperiod is the primary factor responsible for the change in the manner of reproduction, from parthenogenetic to sexual, during the growth season, and temperature is a modifying one. The paper presents the results of many years of research on the activity of aphid male flights in characterizing species diversity, phenology of appearance and their number in urban green areas, carried out employing the Moericke’s yellow pan traps method. The research indicates a trend towards the decrease of male aphid species number over the course of the last decade, as a result of warmer weather conditions, in the years 2005–2014. The results of male catches of Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus, 1761) – the most numerously represented species – prove that there is a relationship between their number in autumn and the number of days for which the average temperature exceeds 20ºC and rainfall occurs during the first decade of August. The very early appearance of Brachycaudus divaricatae Shaposhnikov, 1956 males in the season was an interesting phenomenon which is untypical for aphids in Poland.W strefie klimatu umiarkowanego z przewagą klimatu kontynentalnego pojawianie się samców w populacjach większości gatunków mszyc ma miejsce dopiero jesienią. Gatunki holocykliczne i heteroecyjne charakteryzuje obligatoryjne występowanie uskrzydlonych samców. U gatunków holocyklicznych i monoecyjnych samce nie zawsze są morfami uskrzydlonymi. Podstawowym czynnikiem odpowiedzialnym za zmianę sposobu rozmnażania w ciągu sezonu wegetacyjnego z dzieworodnego na płciowy jest fotoperiod, a czynnikiem modyfikującym temperatura. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki wieloletnich badań dotyczące aktywności lotów samców mszyc w aspekcie ich różnorodności gatunkowej, fenologii pojawu i liczebności w miejskich terenach zieleni prowadzonych metodą pułapek Moerickego. Wyniki badania wskazują na tendencję spadku liczby gatunków samców mszyc w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu, 2005–2014. Wyniki odłowu samców najliczniej reprezentowanego gatunku, Rhopalosiphum padi, dowodzą istnienia związku między jego liczebnością jesienią a liczbą dni ze średnią temperaturą dobową przekraczającą 20ºC oraz opadami w sierpniu. Interesującym zjawiskiem było nietypowe dla mszyc bardzo wczesne w sezonie pojawianie się samców Brachycaudus divaricatae
Computer-aided system supporting the determination of demographic parameters for insects population analysis
Celem pracy było opracowanie uniwersalnej metody komputerowego wyznaczenia parametrów demograficznych owadów,
zastosowanej w niniejszej pracy do badań populacji mszyc (Aphidoidea) na przykładzie Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon.
Opracowany system komputerowy wykorzystuje złożone algorytmy obliczeniowe do wyznaczenia podstawowych parametrów
demograficznych, tj. wrodzonego tempa wzrostu populacji, tempa reprodukcji netto, tempa zwielokrotnienia liczebności
populacji, średniego czasu rozwoju pokolenia oraz czasu podwojenia się populacji. Algorytmy te zaimplementowane zostały
w postaci jednostanowiskowej aplikacji komputerowej. Zastosowanie nowoczesnych technologii informatycznych pozwoliło na
dokładniejsze wyznaczenie ww. parametrów niż metodami stosowanymi dotychczas. W znacznym stopniu uległ też skróceniu
czas przeprowadzenia analizy.The aim of the work was to develop universal computer-aided method for estimation of demographic parameters for any insect
population. This method was applied in this work to study a population of aphids (Aphidoidea): Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon.
The developed computer system uses a complex computational algorithms to set the basic demographic parameters such as:
intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive value, finite rate of increase, mean generation time, population doubling time. These
algorithms have been implemented as a single user computer applications. The use of modern computer technologies allowed for
more accurate determination of the parameters than methods applied so far. The time of analysis was also shortened
The Evaluation of Factors Determining the Health Condition of Acer Platanoides and Tilia Cordata Plantings in Selected Sites of Urban Greenery in Poznań, Poland
Heavily urbanised areas are not a favourable habitat for plant growth and development. On the other hand, urbanised areas can be a favourable habitat for harmful fauna. Tin our study, those trees growing along the roadside were more heavily infested by pests than trees growing in parks. Three orders of insects, mites and lugs were identified on the Norway maple. The dominant insect species was Periphyllus aceris. On small-leaved lime four insect orders (the dominant species was and Eucallipterus tiliae) and mites were found. An overall visual inspection confirmed that of maple and lime growing in city parks were in better condition than those growing by roads
Aphid migrant activity in refuge habitats of the Wielkopolska agricultural landscape
Refuge habitats have a stabilising effect on the entomofauna in the agricultural landscape. The objective of this research was
to follow the migrant activity of aphids in two types of refuge habitats: shrubs and roadsides of rural areas. Moericke traps method
were used for testing the seasonal activity of aphids. The dynamics of species numbers were assessed, and the phenology of the dominating
taxa was examined. From 2008 to 2010, more than 5,000 winged aphids from 94 species were caught in shrub habitats, and 83
species were caught in rural roadside habitats. The characteristics of aphid groups were defined on the basis of selected indicators.
Annually, in both locations, flight activity was shown by a group of several taxa. The rank position of the species was varied in the
particular sites and years of the research. Species participation differed when analysing aphid flights, so the seasons were divided into
three separate periods: spring, summer, and autumn
The Effectiveness of Catching Aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidinea) in Moericke and Light Traps
The studies were conducted in an urban greenery area of Poznań, Poland to compare the effectiveness of Moericke colour traps and light traps used to catch aphids. The combined methods yielded 61 aphid species from the area. The light trap caught 51 species, while 44 species were caught using the Moericke trap. Over 4,000 specimens were collected with each method separately