Parasitoses caprines dans la région de Chefchaouen: épidémiologie et prophylaxie

Cette étude épidémiologique des parasitoses caprines a été effectuée, de septembre 1993 à août 1994, dans la région de Chefchaouen (Rif). Les caprins conduits en élevage extensif sont exposés à un polyparasitisme interne et externe très diversifié. La population des strongles gastro-intestinaux, constituée de sept espèces, est maximale en décembre et en avril. Les strongles respiratoires composés principalement de protostrongylidés montrent une forte charge parasitaire en septembre, décembre et mai. Au niveau hépatique, le trématode Fasciola hepatica manifeste un pic bicuspidal automno-hivernal. Les parasitoses de moindre importance sont la monieziose et l'oestrose. Parmi les parasitoses transmises au caprin par le chien, la cysticercose hépato-péritonéale prédomine l'hydatidose. Les ectoparasites dominants sont les mallophages en hiver et les ixodidés en été. Un programme de traitement anthelminthique est proposé

L'infestation naturelle par les petits strongles respiratoires altère la ventilation pulmonaire des chèvres

L'échange pulmonaire gazeux a été étudié chez 6 chèvres infestées par les petits strongles respiratoires et 8 autres indemnes. La fréquence respiratoire a été. élevée chez les animaux infestés par rapport aux témoins (41±11 vs 16±4). La pression partielle du gaz carbonique (PCO 2), les bicarbonates HCO 3- et la quantité totale de CO 2 ont été élevées (76,97 vs 39,85 mmHg ; 35,05 us 21,59 mmol/l; 41,13 us 23,78 mmol/l) chez les chèvres infestées par rapport à celles indemnes de parasites; alors que la valeur du pH (7.18 vs 7.40) et la pression partielle de l'oxygène des chèvres infestées (39.95 vs 82.33 mmHg) ont chuté. L'échange pulmonaire gazeux des chèvres infestées s'est normalisé après traitement par le fenbendazole à la dose de 15 mg/kg P.V. Il a été conclu que l'infestation des chèvres par les petits strongles altère leur fonction respiratoire

A quantitative approach to nematode lungworm burdens in goats

Nematode lungworm burdens are difficult to evaluate at necropsy. The recovery of protostrongylid worms was achieved by three different post-mortem quantification techniques. Perfusion of the lungs under watertap pressure was successful in washing out Protostrongylus rufescens and Cystocaulus ocreatus but not Muellerius capillaris and Neostrongylus. Incubation of the lungs by pepsin and hydrochloric acid solution prior to perfusion helped to recover trapped Muellerius and Neostrongylus. Worm nodules were classified into type A, B and C, on increasing calcification process. Examination of these nodules showed that 75 to 80 % of type A and B contained a parasite. Worms recovered by perfusion added to the sum of type A and B nodules were used to construct formula for quantifying the total lungworm burdens from naturally infected goat lungs and may provide a reasonable basis for assessing anthelmintic efficacy

Poor efficacy of the most commonly used anthelmintics in sport horse nematodes in Morocco in relation to resistance

Sport and leisure horses in Morocco are treated with several anthelmintics, organophosphates (dichlorvos), benzimidazoles (mostly thiabendazole) or tetrahydropyrimidines (mostly pyrantel pamoate) against nematodes. We studied three horse stables in Rabat, one in Meknes and one in Bouznika. Two of the Rabat and Bouznika stables had introduced a large number of horses from countries (Argentina or Europe) where resistance to benzimidazoles is frequent, whereas the Meknes stud farm remained without foreign introduction. The number of treatments was not very frequent (twice a year in adult horses) but the same anthelmintics were used repeatedly. No resistance to dichlorvos was detected whereas benzimidazole and pyrantel pamoate resistances were detected for the first time in African horses, outside South Africa.Les chevaux de sport et de loisirs au Maroc sont traités pour les infections par les nématodes avec plusieurs anthelminthiques, des organophosphorés (dichlorvos), des benzimidazoles (principalement le thiabendazole) ou des tétrahydropyrimidines (principalement le pamoate de pyrantel). Nous avons étudié trois écuries à Rabat, une à Meknes et une autre à Bouznika. Deux des écuries de Rabat et celle de Bouznika ont introduit des chevaux en grand nombre d’Argentine ou d’Europe, qui sont des régions avec des résistances très fréquentes, alors que le site de Meknes restait sans introduction. Le nombre de traitements n’était pas très élevé (deux par an chez les adultes), mais les mêmes molécules ont été utilisées de manière répétitive au sein de chaque écurie. Aucune résistance au dichlorvos n’a été enregistrée, mais par contre des résistances aux benzimidazoles ou au pamoate de pyrantel ont été mises en évidence pour la première fois chez des chevaux africains (hors Afrique du Sud)

Poor efficacy of the most commonly used anthelmintics in sport horse nematodes in Morocco in relation to resistance

Sport and leisure horses in Morocco are treated with several anthelmintics, organophosphates (dichlorvos), benzimidazoles (mostly thiabendazole) or tetrahydropyrimidines (mostly pyrantel pamoate) against nematodes. We studied three horse stables in Rabat, one in Meknes and one in Bouznika. Two of the Rabat and Bouznika stables had introduced a large number of horses from countries (Argentina or Europe) where resistance to benzimidazoles is frequent, whereas the Meknes stud farm remained without foreign introduction. The number of treatments was not very frequent (twice a year in adult horses) but the same anthelmintics were used repeatedly. No resistance to dichlorvos was detected whereas benzimidazole and pyrantel pamoate resistances were detected for the first time in African horses, outside South Africa

Résistance aux anthelminthiques des nématodes de chèvres et de moutons : le role du mode d'élevage

Parasitism in herbivores: evolution of breeding management and environmental demandInternational audienc

Epidemiology of human visceral leishmaniasis in Taounate, a northern province of Morocco

We report the preliminary results of an epidemiological survey carried out in the locality of Ouled Hcein, province of Taounate (North Morocco) around one visceral leishmaniasis infant case. The strain isolated from the child was characterized by three methods as Leishmania infantum and its isoenzyme pattern was indistinguishable from zymodeme MON-1. The human survey in the locality of origin of the index case did not show any additional case and the serology was negative for the whole people sampled. The canine survey showed that the highest seroprevalence of the canine disease was found in the locality of Ouled Hcein (27.1 %) when compared to 4 surrounding localities. The entomological survey showed that amongst the demonstrated L. infantum vectors around the Mediterranean Basin, Phlebotomus longicuspis was the predominant species. Furthermore, the survey led to the indentification of one female of P. ariasi naturally infected with L. infantum, so this species should be at least one of the vectors of this parasite in this area. Thus, this study confirms that the transmision cycle of L. infantum in North Morocco is similar to the cycle found in the remaining Mediterranean area

The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants

Anthelmintic resistance is recognised as a major problem affecting small ruminant production worldwide and now threatens the sustainability of many of these systems. One method that has been proposed to prolong the efficacy of our current anthelmintics is the maintenance of a parasite population in refugia (unexposed to a drug) which will maintain the genes for susceptibility within the parasite population. Management strategies that employ refugia-based methods include targeted or strategically timed whole flock treatments, targeted selective treatments (TST), whereby only a proportion of the flock is treated at any one time, and the dilution of resistant with susceptible parasites. The ability to effectively target anthelmintic use relies on the identification of those animals that will most benefit from treatment. This review explains the concept of refugia, describes the role of refugia-based approaches to the management of anthelmintic resistance and reviews the markers that have been studied as indicators for TSTs as well as the implementation of refugia-based strategies. Recent results suggest that targeting anthelmintic treatment on the basis of anaemia, milk production and liveweight gain may offer a means of reducing anthelmintic usage whilst still maintaining animal performance

The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants

Anthelmintic resistance is recognised as a major problem affecting small ruminant production worldwide and now threatens the sustainability of many of these systems. One method that has been proposed to prolong the efficacy of our current anthelmintics is the maintenance of a parasite population in refugia (unexposed to a drug) which will maintain the genes for susceptibility within the parasite population. Management strategies that employ refugia-based methods include targeted or strategically timed whole flock treatments, targeted selective treatments (TST), whereby only a proportion of the flock is treated at any one time, and the dilution of resistant with susceptible parasites. The ability to effectively target anthelmintic use relies on the identification of those animals that will most benefit from treatment. This review explains the concept of refugia, describes the role of refugia-based approaches to the management of anthelmintic resistance and reviews the markers that have been studied as indicators for TSTs as well as the implementation of refugia-based strategies. Recent results suggest that targeting anthelmintic treatment on the basis of anaemia, milk production and liveweight gain may offer a means of reducing anthelmintic usage whilst still maintaining animal performanc