The impact of the digital economy on new business models: the emergence of outsourcing, e-commerce and app stores

Today we are witnessing the rapid growth and development of new business models supported by digital technologies. They are transforming traditional industries and creating entirely new categories. The article discusses the impact of digitalisation on the creation and development of new business models – outsourcing, e-commerce and app stores. The article describes the main forms of e-commerce implementation, presents a diagram. The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of digitalisation on the emergence and evolution of new business models. To achieve this goal, the authors set the following tasks: the study of Russian and foreign literature on this subject, the selection, analysis, synthesis and formation of conclusions based on statistical data, and structuring of information using a flowchart. The methodological base includes both general scientific methods of scientific research – comparison, analysis, and special ones – the economic and statistical method. The authors examined examples of the impact of digital transformation on business, analyzed sales data in the Russian and German e-commerce markets and the use of technology in everyday life, and presented an e-commerce classification scheme

NEW DATA ON AGE AND NATURE OF CARBONIZATION WITHIN SOUTHERN FLANK OF THE BAIKAL LEDGE OF THE SIBERIAN CRATON BASEMENT

The Baikal ledge rock formations in the Siberian craton structure are included in the Akitkan mobile belt which is considered as the Late Paleoproterozoic independent island arc system moved up to the ancient basement during the terrains amalgamation 1.91–2.00 Ga ago (Fig. 1) [Rosen, 2003; Gladkochub et al., 2009; Didenko et al., 2013].The Baikal ledge rock formations in the Siberian craton structure are included in the Akitkan mobile belt which is considered as the Late Paleoproterozoic independent island arc system moved up to the ancient basement during the terrains amalgamation 1.91–2.00 Ga ago (Fig. 1) [Rosen, 2003; Gladkochub et al., 2009; Didenko et al., 2013]

GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF DIKE AILLIKITES AND ALKALINE ROCKS OF THE BOLSHETAGNINSKY MASSIF (URIK-IYA GRABEN, EAST SAYAN REGION)

The ICP-MS determinations have been made on microelement content of ~650–640 Ma ultramafic lamprophyre-aillikite dikes and alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites from the Bolshetagninsky ijolite-syenite massif, spatially overlapped in the northern Urik-Iya graben on the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton. There have been identified two types of spectra of microelement distribution, typical of the Bolshetagninsky massif aillikites and alkaline silicate rocks, respectively; both types of spectra demonstrate significant (more than two orders of magnitude) enrichment in most incompatible elements relative to the primitive mantle. Aillikites have tilt-left distribution spectra of rare elements with Rb, К, Pb, Sr-P, Zr-Hf, ±U minimums and less-pronounced Y minimum. Multi-element spectra of ijolites-melteigites are characterized by Th, Та, Pb, Hf, ±Zr, ±Ti minimums which is also reflected in nepheline syenite and carbonatite spectra. The Bolshetagninsky massif aillikites and alkaline rocks differ also in Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, Th/Nb, Th/U ratios. Geochemical differences imply that the parental melts of dike aillikites and alkaline rocks are derived from different mantle sources

Phase diagrams for the M2MoO4–Ln2(MoO4)3–Hf(MoO4)2 systems, where M = Li–Cs, Tl and Ln = La–Lu

In this paper, the results of systematic studies of complex molybdate systems M2MoO4–Ln2(MoO4)3–Hf(MoO4)2 (M = Li–Cs, Tl; Ln = La–Lu) are presented. Subsolidus phase diagrams of ternary systems were constructed and new triple molybdates were obtained. The optimum synthesis conditions for poly- and monocrystalline form were determined. According to single-crystal data, the structure of one of the representatives of triple molybdates was determined.In this paper, the results of systematic studies of complex molybdate systems M2MoO4–Ln2(MoO4)3–Hf(MoO4)2 (M = Li–Cs, Tl; Ln = La–Lu) are presented. Subsolidus phase diagrams of ternary systems were constructed and new triple molybdates were obtained. The optimum synthesis conditions for poly- and monocrystalline form were determined. According to single-crystal data, the structure of one of the representatives of triple molybdates was determined

Phase relations in the Me2MoO4–In2(MoO4)3–Hf(MoO4)2 systems, where Me = Li, K, Tl, Rb, Cs

Received: 26.09.2018. Accepted: 12.10.2018. Published: 31.10.2018.The Me2MoO4–In2(MoO4)3–Hf(MoO4)2 systems where Me = Li, K, Tl, Rb, Cs were studied in the subsolidus region using an X-ray powder diffraction. Quasi-binary joins were revealed, and triangulation carried out. The formation of ternary molybdates Me5InHf (MoO4)6 for Me = K, Tl, Rb, Cs and Мe2InHf2(MoO4)6.5 for Me = Rb, Cs was established.The work was carried out according to the state assignment BINM SB RAS (project no. 0339‑2016‑0007) and RFBR, grants Nos. 18‑03‑00799

ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF CARBON AND OXYGEN IN CALCITES OF ALKALINE ULTRAMAPHIC DYKES WITHIN THE URIK-IYA GRABEN

The isotope composition of carbon and oxygen was studied in calcite of dykes and veins of ultramafic lamprophyres, kimberlite, alkaline mica picrites from the Yarma above-intrusion zone, and pyroxene-free picrites intruding the rocks of the Bolshetagninsky carbonatite massif within the Urik-Iya graben hosted by the East Sayan Mountains. The data on δ13C (from −6.6 to −3.9 ‰ relative to VPDB) disclose the ideas on the mantle origin of the carbonate substance of dykes. High values of δ18O (from +13.9 to +11.8 ‰ relative to VSMOW) suggest the impact of deuteric fluids, i.e. magmatic fluids separated from melts, at later stage of formation of the calcite-bearing alkaline ultramafic rocks

Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal stability of double borate Na3ErB2O6

Received: 05.10.2021. Revised: 18.10.2021. Accepted: 18.10.2021. Available online: 20.10.2021.Double borate Na3ErB2O6 was synthesized by the solid-state reaction. The crystal structure of Na3ErB2O6 was refined by the Rietveld method: P21/c, a = 6.49775(14) Å, b = 8.50424(17) Å, c = 12.0067(3) Å, β = 118.4797(9)°, Z = 4. The crystal structure of Na3ErB2O6 consists of –[ErO6]∞-chains along the "b" axis, which are linked by BO3 triangles in a three-dimensional framework. Sodium atoms occupy empty positions inside the channels. The thermal behavior of Na3ErB2O6 was studied in detail in the range of 25–1150 °C range by DSC and TG methods. Na3ErB2O6 congruently melts at 1116 °C. Based on the results of DSC measurements, three reversible phase transitions were found for Na3ErB2O6.The work was supported by Basic Project of BINM SB RAS № 0273-2021-0008. X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis were obtained using the equipment of the Collective Use Center BINM SB RAS

КИМБЕРЛИТОПОДОБНЫЕ ПОРОДЫ УРИКСКО-ИЙСКОГО ГРАБЕНА, ВОСТОЧНОЕ ПРИСАЯНЬЕ: МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ, ГЕОХИМИЯ И УСЛОВИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ

The study of the Bol’shaya Tagna alkaline-carbonatite massif and adjacent areas was focused on the mineral and chemical compositions of minerals, the distribution of petrogenic and trace elements in pyroxene-free alkaline picrites in veins and dikes dated at the late Riphean (circa 645 Ma), and comparison with the Bushkanai kimberlite-picrite dike. Phenocrysts in the pyroxene-free picrites are represented by olivine (replaced with serpentine) and phlogopite; the bulk is formed by serpentine, phlogopite, monticellite, calcite, etc .; xenocrysts of pyrope and chrome diopside are absent. Phlogopite and Cr-spinel from the picrites are chemically similar to these minerals in kimberlites, but the evolution of the spinel compositions corresponds to the titanomagnetite trend; monticellite is depleted in forsterite (Mg2SiO4). The rocks contain strontianite, burbankite, titanium andradite, calcirtite and Mn-ilmenite, which are not typical of kimberlites, but are inherent in carbonate-bearing ultramafic lamprophyres, ayllikites. The pyroxene-free picrites have low contents (wt %) of SiO2  (28.4‒33.2), Al2O3  (3.2‒5.6), and Na2O (0.01‒0.05); relatively high contents of TiO2  (2.0‒3.3), and К2О (0.45‒1.33); varying contents of MgO (16.1‒24.1), СаО (12.9‒22.8), СО2  (1.1‒12.2), Ni (260‒850 ppm), and Cr (840‒2200 ppm); and Mg#=0.73‒0.80. The contents of Th, U, Nb, Ta, La, and Ce in the veins are approximately two orders higher than those in the primitive mantle; the spectra of trace elements differ from the spectra of the South African and Yakuian kimberlites. In the pyroxene-free picrites and the rocks of the Bushkanai dike, the Nb/U, Nb/Th, Th/Ce, La/Nb, and Zr/Nb ratios are similar to those in ocean island basalts (OIB) and thus give evidence of the leading contribution of the recycled component into the source melt. In experiments conducted to investigate melting of carbonated garnet lherzolite, the pyroxene-free alkaline picrites melted at 5–6 GPa.Изучен химический состав минералов, распределение петрогенных и редких элементов в беспироксеновых щелочных пикритах, образующих жилы и дайки в позднерифейском (около 645 млн лет) Большетагнинском щелочно-карбонатитовом массиве и за его пределами, выполнено их сопоставление с Бушканайской дайкой кимберлит-пикритового состава. Вкрапленники в беспироксеновых пикритах представлены оливином (замещен серпентином) и флогопитом, основная масса образована серпентином, флогопитом, монтичеллитом, кальцитом и др.; ксенокристы пиропа, хромдиопсида отсутствуют. Флогопит и Cr-шпинель из пикритов по химическому составу сходны с этими минералами в кимберлитах, но эволюция состава шпинелидов отвечает титаномагнетитовому тренду; монтичеллит обеднен форстеритовым (Mg2SiO4 ) компонентом. Породы содержат стронцианит, бурбанкит, титанистый андрадит, кальциртит, Mn-ильменит, не характерные для кимберлитов, но присущие карбонатсодержащим ультрамафическим лампрофирам ‒ айлликитам. Беспироксеновые пикриты имеют низкое содержание (мас. %) SiO2  (28.4‒33.2), Al2O3  (3.2‒5.6), Na2O (0.01‒0.05), умеренно высокое TiO2  (2.0‒3.3), К2О (0.45‒1.33), варьирующееся MgO (16.1‒24.1), СаО (12.9‒22.8), СО2 (1.1‒12.2), а также Ni (260‒850 ppm), Cr (840‒2200 ppm); Mg#=0.73‒0.80. Содержание Th, U, Nb, Ta, La, Ce в жилах повышено примерно на два порядка по сравнению с примитивной мантией; спектры микроэлементов отличаются от спектров южно-африканских и якутских кимберлитов. Отношения Nb/U, Nb/Th, Th/Ce, La/Nb, Zr/Nb в беспироксеновых пикритах и в породах Бушканайской дайки близки к таковым в OIB, что отражает ведущий вклад рециклированного компонента в источник расплавов. На основе результатов экспериментов по плавлению карбонатизированного гранатового лерцолита показано, что выплавление беспироксеновых щелочных пикритов происходило при 5–6 GРa

ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДАЙКОВЫХ АЙЛЛИКИТОВ И ЩЕЛОЧНЫХ ПОРОД БОЛЬШЕТАГНИНСКОГО МАССИВА (УРИКСКО-ИЙСКИЙ ГРАБЕН, ВОСТОЧНОЕ ПРИСАНЬЕ)

The ICP-MS determinations have been made on microelement content of ~650–640 Ma ultramafic lamprophyre-aillikite dikes and alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites from the Bolshetagninsky ijolite-syenite massif, spatially overlapped in the northern Urik-Iya graben on the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton. There have been identified two types of spectra of microelement distribution, typical of the Bolshetagninsky massif aillikites and alkaline silicate rocks, respectively; both types of spectra demonstrate significant (more than two orders of magnitude) enrichment in most incompatible elements relative to the primitive mantle. Aillikites have tilt-left distribution spectra of rare elements with Rb, К, Pb, Sr-P, Zr-Hf, ±U minimums and less-pronounced Y minimum. Multi-element spectra of ijolites-melteigites are characterized by Th, Та, Pb, Hf, ±Zr, ±Ti minimums which is also reflected in nepheline syenite and carbonatite spectra. The Bolshetagninsky massif aillikites and alkaline rocks differ also in Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, Th/Nb, Th/U ratios. Geochemical differences imply that the parental melts of dike aillikites and alkaline rocks are derived from different mantle sources.Методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой определены содержания микроэлементов в дайках ультрамафитовых лампрофиров (айлликитов), щелочных силикатных породах и карбонатитах Большетагнинского ийолит-сиенит-карбонатитового массива, имеющих близкий возраст около 650–640 млн лет и пространственно совмещенных в северной части Урикско-Ийского грабена на юго-западной окраине Сибирского кратона. Выявлены два типа спектров распределения микроэлементов, присущие, соответственно, айлликитам и силикатным щелочным породам Большетагнинского массива; спектры обоих типов демонстрируют значительное (более чем на два порядка) обогащение наиболее несовместимыми элементами относительно примитивной мантии. Айлликиты имеют наклонные вправо спектры распределения редких элементов с минимумами по Rb, К, Pb, Sr-P, Zr-Hf, ±U и менее выраженным минимумом по Y. Мультиэлементные спектры ийолитов-мельтейгитов характеризуются минимумами по Th, Та, Pb, Hf, ±Zr, ±Ti, что находит отражение и на спектрах нефелиновых сиенитов и карбонатитов. Айлликиты и щелочные породы Большетагнинского массива отличаются между собой также по отношениям Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, Th/Nb, Th/U. Геохимические различия позволяют предполагать, что родительские расплавы дайковых айлликитов и щелочных пород Большетагнинского массива имели разные мантийные источники

DYNAMICS OF COREGONUS MIGRATORIUS (COREGONIDAE) SELENGA POPULATION CONTAMINATION WITH DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM DENDRITICUM AND DIPHYLLOBOTHRIOSIS MORBIDITY IN BURYATIA REPUBLIC

The paper is devoted to the long-term dynamics of Baikalian omul contamination with plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium. dendriticum during the spawning migration into the Selenga River. Contamination peacks were in 2005 and 2011. Dynamic of diphyllobothriosis morbidity in Buryatia Republic in 2000-2011 have shown increasing trend of helm.inth.osis with 5-year cycle