44 research outputs found
Expressing Duration and Temporal Relationships by Means of the Present Perfect Progressive
The Present Perfect Progressive often expresses an activity reaching up to the present, as in He has been speaking for two hours. Here the subject is represented after part of the event, hence the impression of an unfinished activity. In some cases, however, the completed portion of the event represents almost the whole event, as we shall see with explicit examples. In other cases still, the Present Perfect Progressive expresess a just- finished event, where the subject is situated after the whole eventâs duration. The aim of this article is to answer the following question: how can the Present Perfect Progressive express different moments of the eventâs duration and so evoke different types of events? As we shall see, the answer lies in the way that events are expressed by the present participle.Le Present Perfect Progressive exprime souvent une activitĂ© se dĂ©roulant jusquâau prĂ©sent comme dans He has been speaking for two hours. Dans ce cas, le sujet est situĂ© aprĂšs une partie de lâĂ©vĂ©nement, dâoĂč lâimpression dâune activitĂ© inachevĂ©e. Dans certains cas, cependant, la partie accomplie de lâĂ©vĂšnement reprĂ©sente la quasi-totalitĂ© de lâĂ©vĂšnement, comme nous le verrons dans cet article. Enfin, le Present Perfect Progressive peut exprimer un Ă©vĂšnement venant tout juste de se terminer. Dans ce cas, le sujet est situĂ© aprĂšs la durĂ©e entiĂšre de lâĂ©vĂšnement. Le prĂ©sent article vise donc Ă rĂ©pondre Ă la question suivante: comment peut-on Ă©voquer diffĂ©rents moments de la durĂ©e dâun Ă©vĂšnement â et exprimer ainsi diffĂ©rents types dâĂ©vĂšnements? Comme nous le verrons, la rĂ©ponse rĂ©side dans la maniĂšre de reprĂ©senter lâĂ©vĂšnement exprimĂ© par le participe prĂ©sent
Characterizing the Type of Outcome Evoked by the Perfect Simple and the Perfect Progessive in English
La plupart des grammairiens reconnaissent que les formes simple et progressive du Perfect expriment des rĂ©sultats de nature diffĂ©rente. Soit lâexemple suivant : I have mowed the lawn oĂč le Perfect Simple porte notre attention sur lâĂ©tat prĂ©sent de la pelouse (elle est maintenant tondue), alors que la forme progressive I have been mowing the lawn Ă©voquerait plutĂŽt un effet de lâactivitĂ© et pourrait servir Ă expliquer pourquoi le sujet est couvert de sueur, par exemple. Bien quâĂ©vidente, cette diffĂ©rence de nature des rĂ©sultats nâa jamais fait lâobjet dâune description permettant dâexpliquer comment chaque type est engendrĂ© par la forme verbale, chose que je me propose de faire dans le prĂ©sent article.Many grammarians of English agree that the simple and progressive forms of the Perfect evoke outcomes of different kinds. Thus for example in: I have mowed the lawn the Perfect Simple evokes a completed activity and so points to the present state of the lawn, whereas its progressive counterpart, I have been mowing the lawn, evokes an incomplete activity and so could readily be used as a means of explaining why the subject is perspiring, for example. Obvious though this difference may be, no grammarian has yet been able to characterize these outcomes and explain how each is produced by the verb form. This, then, is the aim of the present paper
Les corrélats psychosociaux de la violence des hommes envers leur conjointe
L'Ă©tude cherche Ă prĂ©ciser les corrĂ©lats psychosociaux de la violence des hommes envers leur conjointe. La population se compose de 60 couples de langue française du QuĂ©bec rĂ©partis dans le groupe clinique oĂč l'homme est diagnostiquĂ© avoir des comportements violents envers sa conjointe et le groupe contrĂŽle oĂč l'homme ne fait pas l'objet de ce diagnostic. Les agresseurs affichent une attitude trĂšs peu stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©es envers les rĂŽles des hommes et des femmes, ils s'attribuent beaucoup moins de comportements violents qu'en rapporte sa conjointe et ils affichent plus qu'elle des problĂšmes psychopathologiques. Ils adoptent un style d'attachement sĂ©curisant et sa conjointe possĂšde gĂ©nĂ©ralement un style d'attachement diffĂ©rent du sien. Les couples aux prises avec un problĂšme de violence souffrent de dĂ©tresse conjugale. La dĂ©pression majeure, les antĂ©cĂ©dents judiciaires et la dĂ©pendance Ă l'alcool sont de bons prĂ©dicteurs de violence chez les hommes alors que l'ajustement dyadique et les antĂ©cĂ©dents judiciaires du conjoint sont de bons prĂ©dicteurs
Eating-related and psychological outcomes of a Health at Every Size intervention in health and social services centers across the province of Quebec
Purpose:
To report the outcomes of a Health at Every Size (HAES) intervention in a real-world setting.
Design:
Quasi-experimental design evaluating eating behaviors and psychological factors.
Setting:
The HAES intervention is offered in Health and Social Services Centers in Québec (Canada).
Participants:
For this study, 216 women (body mass index [BMI]: 35.76 [6.80] kg/mÂČ) who participated to the HAES intervention were compared to 110 women (BMI: 34.56 [7.30] kg/mÂČ) from a comparison group.
Intervention:
The HAES intervention is composed of 14 weekly meetings provided by health professionals. It focuses on healthy lifestyle, self-acceptance, and intuitive eating.
Measures:
Eating behaviors (ie, flexible restraint, rigid restraint, disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger, intuitive eating, and obsessive-compulsive eating) and psychological correlates (ie, body esteem, self-esteem, and depression) were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline, postintervention, and 1-year follow-up.
Analysis:
Group, time, and interaction effects analyzed with mixed models.
Results:
Significant group by time interactions were found for flexible restraint (P = .0400), disinhibition (P < .0001), susceptibility to hunger (P < .0001), intuitive eating (P < .0001), obsessiveâcompulsive eating (P < .0001), body-esteem (P < .0001), depression (P = .0057), and self-esteem (P < .0001), where women in the HAES group showed greater improvements than women in the comparison group at short and/or long term.
Conclusion:
The evaluation of this HAES intervention in a real-life context showed its effectiveness in improving eating-, weight-, and psychological-related variables among women struggling with weight and body image
A health at every size intervention improves intuitive eating and diet quality in Canadian women
Background & aims:
Health at Every SizeÂź (HAESÂź) interventions focus on healthy lifestyle by promoting behavioral changes related to diet and physical activity while emphasizing self-acceptance and well-being through an empowerment and intuitive approach. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a HAESÂź program on intuitive eating and diet quality in women.
Methods:
The HAESÂź intervention, offered by professionals from Health and Social Services Centers in Quebec (Canada), was composed of thirteen 3-h weekly meetings and a 6-h intensive day. For this study, 216 women (1.9% normal-weight, 21.1% overweight, 77.0% obese) who took part to the HAES program were compared to 110 women (3.9% normal-weight, 23.3% overweight, 72.8% obese) from a control group (waiting list). Intuitive eating was assessed using the Intuitive Eating Scale and diet quality was evaluated through the calculation of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) from a validated web-based self-administrated food frequency questionnaire. Measurements were performed at baseline, post-intervention, and at one-year follow-up.
Results:
Women who participated in the HAESÂź program significantly increased their intuitive eating score compared to women in the control group at post-intervention and at follow-up (group by time interaction, p = 0.0002). A significant improvement in diet quality was also observed in the HAESÂź group in comparison with the control group at post-intervention (group by time interaction, p = 0.0139). The intuitive eating score and the HEI score were positively associated in the HAESÂź group at post-intervention (r = 0.20, p = 0.0237) and one-year follow-up (r = 0.22, p = 0.0359), but no such associations were noted in the control group (post-intervention, r = 0.04, p = 0.70; one-year follow-up, r = -0.15, p = 0.30).
Conclusions:
The HAESÂź program seems effective in improving intuitive eating and also favours improvements in diet quality. However, the association between intuitive eating and diet quality remains unclear, being positive and significant only after the HAESÂź intervention
Development and validation of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for a Canadian population
Objective
The present study aimed to develop and validate a nutrition knowledge questionnaire in a sample of French Canadians from the province of Quebec, taking into account dietary guidelines.
Design
A thirty-eight-item questionnaire was developed by the research team and evaluated for content validity by an expert panel, and then administered to respondents. Face validity and construct validity were measured in a pre-test. Exploratory factor analysis and covariance structure analysis were performed to verify the structure of the questionnaire and identify problematic items. Internal consistency and testâretest reliability were evaluated through a validation study.
Setting
Online survey.
Subjects
Six nutrition and psychology experts, fifteen registered dietitians (RD) and 180 lay people participated.
Results
Content validity evaluation resulted in the removal of two items and reformulation of one item. Following face validity, one item was reformulated. Construct validity was found to be adequate, with higher scores for RD v. non-RD (21·5 (sd 2·1) v. 15·7 (sd 3·0) out of 24, P<0·001). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire contained only one factor. Covariance structure analysis led to removal of sixteen items. Internal consistency for the overall questionnaire was adequate (Cronbachâs α=0·73). Assessment of testâretest reliability resulted in significant associations for the total knowledge score (r=0·59, P<0·001).
Conclusions
This nutrition knowledge questionnaire was found to be a suitable instrument which can be used to measure levels of nutrition knowledge in a Canadian population. It could also serve as a model for the development of similar instruments in other populations
The rare allele of DGKZ SNP rs10838599 is associated with variability in HDL-cholesterol levels among severely obese patients
Introduction: Diacylglycerol kinase-zeta, one of the ten isoforms of DGKs expressed in mammals is an important enzyme of lipid metabolism. It catalyzes the
interconversion of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, two major second messengers. Its gene DGKZ has been previously identified as being overexpressed and
undermethylated in visceral adipose tissue of patients with (MetS+) versus without (MetS-) the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between DGKZ gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes related to MetS (BMI, waist girth,
CRP, fasting glucose, lipid profile (triglycerides, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures).
Methods: The study sample included 1752 severely obese participants who underwent bariatric surgery. Associations between the five selected tSNPs of DGKZ
and features of the MetS were tested. The effects of these SNPs on DGKZ methylation and expression levels were tested in subgroups of 32 and 14 obese subjects,
respectively. Correlations between methylation and expression levels were also computed.
Results: Homozygotes for the rare allele of rs10838599 displayed higher plasma HDL-C concentrations compared to the other genotype groups (p=0.03). For
gene methylation, only a trend with the cg05412031 CpG site (p=0.09) was found for the single significantly phenotype-associated SNP. There was no significant
correlation between DGKZ methylation at cg05412031 and expression levels.
Conclusion: These results suggest that DGKZ SNP rs10838599 modulates plasma HDL-C levels thereby its gene contributes to the inter-individual variability
observed in the cardiometabolic risk profile of patients with severe obesity
Development and validation of the food liking questionnaire in a french-canadian population
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire assessing food liking in a French-Canadian population. A questionnaire was developed, in which participants were asked to rate their degree of liking of 50 food items. An expert panel evaluated the content validity. For the validation study, 150 men and women completed the questionnaire twice. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to assess the number of subscales of the questionnaire. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the subscales were evaluated. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations between liking scores and self-reported frequencies of consumption. Comments from the experts led to changes in the list of foods included in the questionnaire. The EFA revealed a two-factor structure for the questionnaire (i.e., savory and sweet foods) and led to the removal of nine items, resulting in a 32-item questionnaire. The two subscales revealed good internal consistency (Cronbach alphas: 0.85 and 0.89) and test-retest reliability (p = 0.84 and 0.86). The questionnaire demonstrated adequate concurrent validity, with moderate correlations between food liking and self-reported frequency of consumption (r = 0.19â0.39, ps < 0.05). This new Food Liking Questionnaire assessing liking of a variety of savory and sweet foods demonstrated good psychometric properties in every validation step. This questionnaire will be useful to explore the role of food liking and its interactions with other factors in predicting eating behaviors and energy intake
Impact of NMT1 gene polymorphisms on features of the metabolic syndrome among severely obese patients
Introduction: N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is implicated in myristoylation, required for biological activities of several proteins. Its gene N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1) has been found
to be overexpressed and hypermethylated in Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) of severely obese
individuals with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS+) versus without (MetS-).
Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the associations between NMT1 gene polymorphisms Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic complications among obese
subjects.
Methods: Associations between SNPs and determinants of MetS were tested with 1752 obese
participants undergoing a bariatric surgery. The effect of selected SNPs on methylation, and
correlation with expression levels of NMT1 were verified in subgroups.
Results: Rs2239921 was significantly associated with systolic (p=0.03) and diastolic (p<0.0001)
blood pressures. Rs2239923 was associated with plasma High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol
or HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p=0.05), while rs2269746 was associated with Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol or LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) (p=0.006) and Total-Cholesterol
(Total-C) levels (p=0.004). Rs1005136 (p=0.03), rs8066395 (p=0.03) or rs2157840 (p=0.04)
were associated with plasma concentrations of C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Phenotype-associated SNPs were associated with NMT1 methylation levels of six CpG sites. NMT1 methylation
levels of one CpG site, cg10755730, correlated with gene expression levels (r=0.57; p=0.04).
Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of NMT1 SNPs is associated with altered
plasma lipid levels as well as with increased inflammation markers and blood pressure among
severely obese patients