Expressing Duration and Temporal Relationships by Means of the Present Perfect Progressive

The Present Perfect Progressive often expresses an activity reaching up to the present, as in He has been speaking for two hours. Here the subject is represented after part of the event, hence the impression of an unfinished activity. In some cases, however, the completed portion of the event represents almost the whole event, as we shall see with explicit examples. In other cases still, the Present Perfect Progressive expresess a just- finished event, where the subject is situated after the whole event’s duration. The aim of this article is to answer the following question: how can the Present Perfect Progressive express different moments of the event’s duration and so evoke different types of events? As we shall see, the answer lies in the way that events are expressed by the present participle.Le Present Perfect Progressive exprime souvent une activité se déroulant jusqu’au présent comme dans He has been speaking for two hours. Dans ce cas, le sujet est situé après une partie de l’événement, d’où l’impression d’une activité inachevée. Dans certains cas, cependant, la partie accomplie de l’évènement représente la quasi-totalité de l’évènement, comme nous le verrons dans cet article. Enfin, le Present Perfect Progressive peut exprimer un évènement venant tout juste de se terminer. Dans ce cas, le sujet est situé après la durée entière de l’évènement. Le présent article vise donc à répondre à la question suivante: comment peut-on évoquer différents moments de la durée d’un évènement – et exprimer ainsi différents types d’évènements? Comme nous le verrons, la réponse réside dans la manière de représenter l’évènement exprimé par le participe présent

Characterizing the Type of Outcome Evoked by the Perfect Simple and the Perfect Progessive in English

La plupart des grammairiens reconnaissent que les formes simple et progressive du Perfect expriment des résultats de nature différente. Soit l’exemple suivant : I have mowed the lawn où le Perfect Simple porte notre attention sur l’état présent de la pelouse (elle est maintenant tondue), alors que la forme progressive I have been mowing the lawn évoquerait plutôt un effet de l’activité et pourrait servir à expliquer pourquoi le sujet est couvert de sueur, par exemple. Bien qu’évidente, cette différence de nature des résultats n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une description permettant d’expliquer comment chaque type est engendré par la forme verbale, chose que je me propose de faire dans le présent article.Many grammarians of English agree that the simple and progressive forms of the Perfect evoke outcomes of different kinds. Thus for example in: I have mowed the lawn the Perfect Simple evokes a completed activity and so points to the present state of the lawn, whereas its progressive counterpart, I have been mowing the lawn, evokes an incomplete activity and so could readily be used as a means of explaining why the subject is perspiring, for example. Obvious though this difference may be, no grammarian has yet been able to characterize these outcomes and explain how each is produced by the verb form. This, then, is the aim of the present paper

Les corrélats psychosociaux de la violence des hommes envers leur conjointe

L'étude cherche à préciser les corrélats psychosociaux de la violence des hommes envers leur conjointe. La population se compose de 60 couples de langue française du Québec répartis dans le groupe clinique où l'homme est diagnostiqué avoir des comportements violents envers sa conjointe et le groupe contrôle où l'homme ne fait pas l'objet de ce diagnostic. Les agresseurs affichent une attitude très peu stéréotypées envers les rôles des hommes et des femmes, ils s'attribuent beaucoup moins de comportements violents qu'en rapporte sa conjointe et ils affichent plus qu'elle des problèmes psychopathologiques. Ils adoptent un style d'attachement sécurisant et sa conjointe possède généralement un style d'attachement différent du sien. Les couples aux prises avec un problème de violence souffrent de détresse conjugale. La dépression majeure, les antécédents judiciaires et la dépendance à l'alcool sont de bons prédicteurs de violence chez les hommes alors que l'ajustement dyadique et les antécédents judiciaires du conjoint sont de bons prédicteurs

Eating-related and psychological outcomes of a Health at Every Size intervention in health and social services centers across the province of Quebec

Purpose: To report the outcomes of a Health at Every Size (HAES) intervention in a real-world setting. Design: Quasi-experimental design evaluating eating behaviors and psychological factors. Setting: The HAES intervention is offered in Health and Social Services Centers in Québec (Canada). Participants: For this study, 216 women (body mass index [BMI]: 35.76 [6.80] kg/m²) who participated to the HAES intervention were compared to 110 women (BMI: 34.56 [7.30] kg/m²) from a comparison group. Intervention: The HAES intervention is composed of 14 weekly meetings provided by health professionals. It focuses on healthy lifestyle, self-acceptance, and intuitive eating. Measures: Eating behaviors (ie, flexible restraint, rigid restraint, disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger, intuitive eating, and obsessive-compulsive eating) and psychological correlates (ie, body esteem, self-esteem, and depression) were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline, postintervention, and 1-year follow-up. Analysis: Group, time, and interaction effects analyzed with mixed models. Results: Significant group by time interactions were found for flexible restraint (P = .0400), disinhibition (P < .0001), susceptibility to hunger (P < .0001), intuitive eating (P < .0001), obsessive–compulsive eating (P < .0001), body-esteem (P < .0001), depression (P = .0057), and self-esteem (P < .0001), where women in the HAES group showed greater improvements than women in the comparison group at short and/or long term. Conclusion: The evaluation of this HAES intervention in a real-life context showed its effectiveness in improving eating-, weight-, and psychological-related variables among women struggling with weight and body image

A health at every size intervention improves intuitive eating and diet quality in Canadian women

Background & aims: Health at Every Size® (HAES®) interventions focus on healthy lifestyle by promoting behavioral changes related to diet and physical activity while emphasizing self-acceptance and well-being through an empowerment and intuitive approach. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a HAES® program on intuitive eating and diet quality in women. Methods: The HAES® intervention, offered by professionals from Health and Social Services Centers in Quebec (Canada), was composed of thirteen 3-h weekly meetings and a 6-h intensive day. For this study, 216 women (1.9% normal-weight, 21.1% overweight, 77.0% obese) who took part to the HAES program were compared to 110 women (3.9% normal-weight, 23.3% overweight, 72.8% obese) from a control group (waiting list). Intuitive eating was assessed using the Intuitive Eating Scale and diet quality was evaluated through the calculation of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) from a validated web-based self-administrated food frequency questionnaire. Measurements were performed at baseline, post-intervention, and at one-year follow-up. Results: Women who participated in the HAES® program significantly increased their intuitive eating score compared to women in the control group at post-intervention and at follow-up (group by time interaction, p = 0.0002). A significant improvement in diet quality was also observed in the HAES® group in comparison with the control group at post-intervention (group by time interaction, p = 0.0139). The intuitive eating score and the HEI score were positively associated in the HAES® group at post-intervention (r = 0.20, p = 0.0237) and one-year follow-up (r = 0.22, p = 0.0359), but no such associations were noted in the control group (post-intervention, r = 0.04, p = 0.70; one-year follow-up, r = -0.15, p = 0.30). Conclusions: The HAES® program seems effective in improving intuitive eating and also favours improvements in diet quality. However, the association between intuitive eating and diet quality remains unclear, being positive and significant only after the HAES® intervention

Development and validation of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for a Canadian population

Objective The present study aimed to develop and validate a nutrition knowledge questionnaire in a sample of French Canadians from the province of Quebec, taking into account dietary guidelines. Design A thirty-eight-item questionnaire was developed by the research team and evaluated for content validity by an expert panel, and then administered to respondents. Face validity and construct validity were measured in a pre-test. Exploratory factor analysis and covariance structure analysis were performed to verify the structure of the questionnaire and identify problematic items. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were evaluated through a validation study. Setting Online survey. Subjects Six nutrition and psychology experts, fifteen registered dietitians (RD) and 180 lay people participated. Results Content validity evaluation resulted in the removal of two items and reformulation of one item. Following face validity, one item was reformulated. Construct validity was found to be adequate, with higher scores for RD v. non-RD (21·5 (sd 2·1) v. 15·7 (sd 3·0) out of 24, P<0·001). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire contained only one factor. Covariance structure analysis led to removal of sixteen items. Internal consistency for the overall questionnaire was adequate (Cronbach’s α=0·73). Assessment of test–retest reliability resulted in significant associations for the total knowledge score (r=0·59, P<0·001). Conclusions This nutrition knowledge questionnaire was found to be a suitable instrument which can be used to measure levels of nutrition knowledge in a Canadian population. It could also serve as a model for the development of similar instruments in other populations

The rare allele of DGKZ SNP rs10838599 is associated with variability in HDL-cholesterol levels among severely obese patients

Introduction: Diacylglycerol kinase-zeta, one of the ten isoforms of DGKs expressed in mammals is an important enzyme of lipid metabolism. It catalyzes the interconversion of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, two major second messengers. Its gene DGKZ has been previously identified as being overexpressed and undermethylated in visceral adipose tissue of patients with (MetS+) versus without (MetS-) the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between DGKZ gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes related to MetS (BMI, waist girth, CRP, fasting glucose, lipid profile (triglycerides, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures). Methods: The study sample included 1752 severely obese participants who underwent bariatric surgery. Associations between the five selected tSNPs of DGKZ and features of the MetS were tested. The effects of these SNPs on DGKZ methylation and expression levels were tested in subgroups of 32 and 14 obese subjects, respectively. Correlations between methylation and expression levels were also computed. Results: Homozygotes for the rare allele of rs10838599 displayed higher plasma HDL-C concentrations compared to the other genotype groups (p=0.03). For gene methylation, only a trend with the cg05412031 CpG site (p=0.09) was found for the single significantly phenotype-associated SNP. There was no significant correlation between DGKZ methylation at cg05412031 and expression levels. Conclusion: These results suggest that DGKZ SNP rs10838599 modulates plasma HDL-C levels thereby its gene contributes to the inter-individual variability observed in the cardiometabolic risk profile of patients with severe obesity

Impact of NMT1 gene polymorphisms on features of the metabolic syndrome among severely obese patients

Introduction: N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is implicated in myristoylation, required for biological activities of several proteins. Its gene N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1) has been found to be overexpressed and hypermethylated in Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) of severely obese individuals with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS+) versus without (MetS-). Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the associations between NMT1 gene polymorphisms Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic complications among obese subjects. Methods: Associations between SNPs and determinants of MetS were tested with 1752 obese participants undergoing a bariatric surgery. The effect of selected SNPs on methylation, and correlation with expression levels of NMT1 were verified in subgroups. Results: Rs2239921 was significantly associated with systolic (p=0.03) and diastolic (p<0.0001) blood pressures. Rs2239923 was associated with plasma High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol or HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p=0.05), while rs2269746 was associated with Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol or LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) (p=0.006) and Total-Cholesterol (Total-C) levels (p=0.004). Rs1005136 (p=0.03), rs8066395 (p=0.03) or rs2157840 (p=0.04) were associated with plasma concentrations of C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Phenotype-associated SNPs were associated with NMT1 methylation levels of six CpG sites. NMT1 methylation levels of one CpG site, cg10755730, correlated with gene expression levels (r=0.57; p=0.04). Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of NMT1 SNPs is associated with altered plasma lipid levels as well as with increased inflammation markers and blood pressure among severely obese patients

Development and validation of the food liking questionnaire in a french-canadian population

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire assessing food liking in a French-Canadian population. A questionnaire was developed, in which participants were asked to rate their degree of liking of 50 food items. An expert panel evaluated the content validity. For the validation study, 150 men and women completed the questionnaire twice. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to assess the number of subscales of the questionnaire. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the subscales were evaluated. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations between liking scores and self-reported frequencies of consumption. Comments from the experts led to changes in the list of foods included in the questionnaire. The EFA revealed a two-factor structure for the questionnaire (i.e., savory and sweet foods) and led to the removal of nine items, resulting in a 32-item questionnaire. The two subscales revealed good internal consistency (Cronbach alphas: 0.85 and 0.89) and test-retest reliability (p = 0.84 and 0.86). The questionnaire demonstrated adequate concurrent validity, with moderate correlations between food liking and self-reported frequency of consumption (r = 0.19–0.39, ps < 0.05). This new Food Liking Questionnaire assessing liking of a variety of savory and sweet foods demonstrated good psychometric properties in every validation step. This questionnaire will be useful to explore the role of food liking and its interactions with other factors in predicting eating behaviors and energy intake