Curdlan acetate fibres with low degrees of substitution fabricated via a continuous process of chemical modification and wet spinning using an ionic liquid

Polysaccharide esters with a low degree of substitution (DS) are expected to be biomass-derived biodegradable plastics with tunable properties that will replace conventional petroleum-derived plastics. However, they have difficulties in moulding and complex multistep synthesis is required to control their DS, thereby limiting their application as plastics. In this study, we demonstrate a continuous process of homogeneous acetylation of curdlan (beta-1,3-glucan) and direct wet spinning of the reactant solution by consistently using an ionic liquid, and achieve both facile and green synthesis and fabrication of curdlan acetate fibres with the DS ranging from 0.1-1.0. The partial acetylation of curdlan improved the thermal stability and fiber properties: thermal degradation temperature (Td-5%) from 293 to 342 degrees C, Young's modulus (dry) from 2.9 to 4.0 GPa, and wet tenacity from 0.34 to 2.8 cN tex(-1). Originally, a regenerated curdlan fibre was ductile with a high water absorbency of 85 wt% causing a considerable decrease in wet tenacity. In contrast, curdlan acetate fibres stiffened and the water absorbency was suppressed to 15 wt% at DS = 0.8 owing to the substitution of the C4-OH group (which contributed to the incorporation of water into the curdlan molecules). Consequently, the wet-to-dry tenacity ratio of the curdlan acetate fibres significantly improved from 0.03 to 0.5. Such enhanced properties were attributed to the change in the crystalline structure by acetylation at the DS exceeding 0.4 with preventing the formation of hydrogen bonding via the C2-OH group (which stabilised the original triple helical structure)

In Situ Raman Analysis of Biofilm Exopolysaccharides Formed in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> Commensal Cultures

This study probed in vitro the mechanisms of competition/coexistence between Streptococcus sanguinis (known for being correlated with health in the oral cavity) and Streptococcus mutans (responsible for aciduric oral environment and formation of caries) by means of quantitative Raman spectroscopy and imaging. In situ Raman assessments of live bacterial culture/coculture focusing on biofilm exopolysaccharides supported the hypothesis that both species engaged in antagonistic interactions. Experiments of simultaneous colonization always resulted in coexistence, but they also revealed fundamental alterations of the biofilm with respect to their water-insoluble glucan structure. Raman spectra (collected at fixed time but different bacterial ratios) showed clear changes in chemical bonds in glucans, which pointed to an action by Streptococcus sanguinis to discontinue the impermeability of the biofilm constructed by Streptococcus mutans. The concurrent effects of glycosidic bond cleavage in water-insoluble α − 1,3–glucan and oxidation at various sites in glucans’ molecular chains supported the hypothesis that secretion of oxygen radicals was the main “chemical weapon” used by Streptococcus sanguinis in coculture